初一下册第11单元英语知识点,人教版初一英语下册知识点汇总

2020年春人教新目标英语七年级下册

Unit 11 How was your school trip?

1. milk n . 牛奶 v. 挤奶 milk a cow给奶牛挤奶

2. ride （rode . ridden ） v 骑 n 旅程

eg 1) 骑车大约十分钟路程。(七下U3）It's about ten minutes' ride.

2) 乘公交车（的旅程）要花大约20分钟。

The bus ride takes about 20 minutes.

3. feed (fed, fed) 1) vt 喂养；饲养

① feed chickens喂鸡 ② feed my dog喂我的狗

2）feed ....to..... 把...喂给...吃

3）feed on以...为食

eg. 绵羊以草为主食 Sheep feed on the grass.

farm vi 耕种；务农 n农场,饲养场 on the farm在农场

eg. 他爸爸在山西务农。His father farms in Shanxi

farming 农业；务农

eg.他了解很多农事。He learned a lot about farming.

farmer 农民；农场主 farmland 农田

4. quite adv 相当；完全；非常

very adv 非常；很 （语气比quite重）

1）quite a lot相当多，非常

eg. 我非常喜欢我的英语老师。I like my English teacher quite a lot.

(2) quite a lot of相当多的；许多= quite a few

eg 1) 农场上有相当多的奶牛There are quite a lot of cows on the farm.

2)----你看到奶牛了吗？----是的，看到了。我看到了相当多。

---Did you see any cows?---Yes, I did. I saw quite a lot.

5. anything任何事物；某物 everything所有事物；一切

something某物 nothing 什么都没有

复合不定代词 1）作主语时，视为单三。

2) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时 ，放在不定代词后。

eg. 1）我自行车出毛病了。Something is wrong with my bike.

2）有趣的事something interesting

3）你学到什么东西了吗？Did you learn anything?

4) 一切都准备好了。Everything is ready。

5）钱是很重要，但对我们来说并不是一切。

Money is very important , but it's not every for us.

6.一切都是有关机器人的，我对那不感兴趣。

Everything was about robots and I'm not interested in that.

somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere, 复合不定副词

复合不定副词特点：1) 不定副词前不加介词

2）形容词修饰不定副词后，放在不定副词后，放在不定副词后。

eg.我想搬到某个有趣的地方。I want to move somewhere interesting.

7. grow (grew.grown) (1) vt种植

eg. 1) grow apples 种植苹果树

2) plant trees植树eg 我们在花园里种植花和蔬菜。

We grow flowers and vegetables in our garden.

（2）生长发育eg.1) grow up长大

2）春天万物复苏。In spring , everything begins to grow.

8. pick v . 采摘

eg. 1) pick flowers摘花

2）pick strawberries / cotton摘草莓 / 棉花

3）不要在花园里摘花。Don't pick flowers in the park.

4）他摘了一些草莓并把它们带到家里。

He picked some strawberries and took them home.

pick up ① 拾起；捡起 （动副）

eg.捡起那本书pick up the book

pick sb up（用车）接....

eg. 在我回家的路上我将开车接你。I will pick you up on my way home.

9. excellent adj 极好的，优秀的 countryside n 乡村；农村

in the countryside 在乡村，在农村

--Hi ! How was your trip last week?上周你的旅行怎么样？

--It was excellent.I visited my grandparents in the countryside.

太好了，我去乡下看望了我的祖父母。

--Oh, nice.What did you do?奥，很好。你干什么了？

--I went fishing every day. And I fed the chicken with my grandpa. It was so much fun.我每天去钓鱼。并且我和爷爷一起喂鸡。那很有趣。

--Sounds good. How was the weather there?

听起来很好。那天气怎么样呢？

--It was great, and the air was so clean. I watched the stars at night. They were so beautiful.

天气好极了，并且空气是那么干净。我在夜晚观看了星星。他们是那么美丽。

--Lucky you.祝你好运。

10. fun 玩笑，乐事 （un)

eg. 1) 那很有趣。It's a lot of fun.

2）我的数学老师很有趣。My maths teacher is great / good fun.

3）玩的开心have fun 玩得非常开心have so much fun

11. worry (1) vt使....担心，使发愁 worry sb使某人担心

eg. 1) 没什么可使我担心的。Nothing worries me.

2) 这个男孩让他妈妈担心。The boy worries his mother.

（2）(vt) 担心，担忧 后面常接宾语从句eg. 天变的阴云密布，我们担心天将下雨。It got very cloudy and we worried it would rain.

(3) vi 担心；忧虑 worry about = be worried about 担心....

eg. 1) 不要担心他。他将马上回来。

Don't worry about him. He'll be back soon.

2）我没什么好担心的。I have nothing to worry about.

12. luck 运气 lucky adj 幸运的 unlucky不幸运的

luckily adv 幸运地 unluckily不幸运地

fortune (c,u) n 运气 fortunate adj幸运的；侥幸的

unfortunate adj不幸的 fortunately adv 幸运地

unfortunately adv不幸地

eg. 1) 幸运的是，天没有下雨，并且太阳又出来了。

Luckily , it didn't rain , and the sun came out again.

2) 幸运的是，所有的人都被救了。Luckily, all the people were saved.

3) 不幸的是，我又起床晚了Unluckily, I got up late again.

13. museum 博物馆

1）the art museum美术博物馆

2）the science museum科学博物馆

3) the Palace Museum故宫

4) at the museum在博物馆

14. fire 1）（un) 火 2）（cn) 火灾

1）be on fire着火

eg. 昨天，那家工厂着火了。The factory was on fire yesterday.

2) make a fire生火

eg. 天太冷了让我们生火吧。It's too cold . Let's make a fire.

3) play with fire玩火

eg. 不要玩火，因为它很危险。

Don't play with fire , because it's very dangerous.

消防站fire station

15. painting n 油画；绘画 paint v绘画，给...上油漆

eg.1) 我看到了一些油画。I saw some paintings.

2) 我姐姐在一所学校学绘画。

My elder sister is learning to paint in a school.

16. fast快的；快地（速度快）

1）a fast train快车 2) run fast跑得快

quick快的 （表示某事在比较短的时间里完成）

have a quick shower / breakfast 快快洗澡/吃早饭

17. robot n 机器人 guide n 导游；向导

a model robot / plane 机器人模型

18. interested感兴趣的 be interested in doing对做...感兴趣

interesting有趣的 surprised吃惊的

be surprised at 对...感到吃惊

surprising 令人吃惊的 excited兴奋的；激动的

exciting令人兴奋的；令人激动的

be / get excited about...因某事而兴奋

19. (1) all in all总的说来

eg. 1) 总之，这是令人兴奋的一天。All in all, it was an exciting day.

2) 总的来说，它非常成功。All in all, it's a great success.

(2) in all 总共；合计

eg. 总共有四十名学生。There are forty students in all.

(3) not...at all 一点也不；根本不

eg. 1） 我根本不喜欢它。I don't like it at all.

2) 我一点都不喜欢这次旅行。I don't like the trip at all.

bored厌倦的 boring无聊的 embarrassed尴尬地

embarrassing令人尴尬的

be embarrassed about doing sth 因某事/做某事而尴尬

20. dark （1）黑暗的；昏暗的 bright 明亮的

eg. 房间真的很暗并且拍照很难，因此我没有拍照。

The rooms were really dark and it was difficult to take photos, so I didn't take any.

(2) 深的 dark blue / green 深蓝色/绿色

light blue / green 浅蓝色/绿色

21. hear 听到；听见 listen听 listen to ... 听...

hear sb do sth 听到某人做某事（经常性的）

hear sb doing sth 听到某人在做某事

eg. 1) 我经常听到Tom在他房间唱歌。

I often hear Tom sing in his room.

2) 我听到Tom正在他房间唱歌。I hear Tom singing in his room.

The farmer showed me around the farm.农民带我参观了农场。

show sb around带领某人参观

eg. 我想带你参观我们的学校。 I want to show you around our school.

22. Carol learned a lot about farming.卡罗尔了解了很多农事。

learn about 了解，知道= know about

eg. 在博物馆，我了解了许多关于机器人的知识。

In the museum , I learned a lot about robots.

23.Today I went on a school trip.今天我外出旅行了。

go on a trip外出旅行= have a trip

eg. 然后导游教我们怎样做机器人模型。

Then the guide taught us how to make a model robot.

(1) teach 疑问词 动词不定式

eg. 让我叫你怎样用电脑。Let me teach you how to use the computer.

(2) teach oneself = learn by oneself自学

eg. I teach myself English . = I learn English by myself.

24. gift = present 礼物

eg. 在那之后，我去了礼品店并为父母买了一些可爱的礼物。

After that , I went to the gift shop and bought some lovely gifts for my parents.

复习：为...买...buy sb sth = buy sth for sb

go on a trip to...到...去旅行

eg.1) 你想和我去旅行么。Do you want to go on a trip with me?

2）I will go on a trip to Australia.我将去澳大利亚旅行。

25. We visited the science museum and it was really interesting.

我们参观了科学博物馆，真的很有趣。

26. We got there so fast by train.我们乘坐火车很快就到了那。

27. We saw some farms and villages along the way.沿途我们看到了一些农场和村庄。

along the way 沿途

28. I think today's school trip was terrible.

我认为今天的学校旅游很糟糕。

29. It was so hot on the slow train.在慢火车上很热。

30. There were also too many people and I couldn't really see or hear the guide.

里面有太多的人，我真的不能看到或听到导游（说话）。

too many 太多 cn复数 too much 太多 un

much too adj 太....

31.The things in the gift shop were so expensive.

礼品店的东西如此昂贵。

32. How do they feel about the trip?你们感觉这次旅行怎么样？

How do feel about....?=How do you like....?=What do you think of...?

你觉得...怎么样？

人教版英语七年级下册十一单元知识点

Unit 11 知识点讲解
元词组 1．. TV shows（电视节目） soap opera sitcom(situation comedy) a comedy an action movie a documentary a thriller
cartoon drama(戏剧) Beijing Opera talk show Animal World Tell it like it is Law Today game show CCTV News News in 30 Minutes Man and Nature nese Cooking Around China Lucky52 arts news sports show Culture China Weekend Talk 周末话谈 2． write an article for the school magazine.给学校杂志写一篇文章 3． a thirteen - year - old boy.一个十三岁的男孩 4． wear colorful clothes.穿着颜色鲜艳的衣服 5． interview sb. 采访某人 in fact. 实际上6. wear scarves. 戴着围巾 7 .think of 想起，考虑到 二．重点句型 1. What do you think of soap operas/ sports shows? I cant stand / dont mind / like/love/hate/them. 2. What does she think of "Hilltop High"/Amanda? She doesnt like it/her. 三．重难点解析
1. What do you think of ...? 你认为...怎么样？（谈论对某事物的喜好程度）可选择的回答有： （1）I like it. （2）I dont mind it.（3）I dont like it. （4）I cant stand it. （5）I like it very much.（6）I love it. （7）Its beautiful. （8）Theyre fantastic How about 的用法区分。 1. wear (v. 动词) "穿，戴，佩"。根据不同宾语，翻译不同的汉语意思。
wear earrings 戴耳环 wear a dress 穿连衣裙 wear a watch 戴手表
wear a beard 蓄胡子 wear long hair 留长发
2. think "想，考虑，思索"（v. 动词）可以和许多介词搭配，组成新的意思。 A：think of "考虑"；"有...的看法"， 有时等于think about.
What does he think of Beijing Opera?他对京剧有什么看法？ My mother always thinks of everything!我妈妈总是想到所有的东西。 B：think about "考虑"（指计划，观念，看它是否相宜、可行） He is thinking about going to China.他正在考虑去中国。
3. too与either的区别 too"也"，表示肯定意义，与肯定的表达方法连用；而either"也不"，表示否定意义，与否定的表达方法连用。 （1）—My brother likes to play soccer.我哥哥喜欢踢足球。—I do, too.我也是（喜欢）。
（2）—My brother doesnt like to play soccer.我哥哥不喜欢踢足球。—I dont, either.
我也不喜欢。
also也可以表示"也"，但一般情况下，too和either放在句子之后，also放在动词之前。
We also love talk shows.我们也喜欢访谈节目。 4. a thirteen - year - old boy 一个十三岁的男孩 此结构中，year用单数形式，且用连字符，这构用作定语。e.g a five - month - old baby 一个五个月大的婴儿 a one-way road a three-metetree 200-word-long article 5. enjoy (v. 喜爱，享受) enjoy后面接名词、代词或动名词，与like/ love用法的区别。like/ love还可以接动词不定式（toI enjoy the soap operas.我喜爱肥皂剧。 I enjoy watching the soap operas.我喜爱看肥皂剧。 但我们不能说：I enjoy to watch the soap operas. 只能说：I like / love to watch the soap opera6. Welcome to sp. 欢迎来到…. Welcome to China. Welcome home(省掉介词) Welcome n. The people in Tibet gave me a warm welcome. 西藏的人们热烈地欢迎了我。 Welcome adj. You are welcome. A welcome movie star. 一个受欢迎的电影明星。 7. stand 表示忍受（多用于否定句、疑问句 can’t stand sth/ doing sth. 不能忍受某事/做某事He cant stand the hot weather.他忍受不了炎热的天气。Can you stand the soap opera?你忍受得吗？ I can’t stand staying at home all the day long. 我不能忍受一整天都呆在家里。 8.mind 介意/在乎 mind sth/doing sth. I don’t mind the cold.
Do/Would you mind my having breakfast in the classromm/ opening the window? 不介意：Never mind/Not at all; 介意，反对： I’m sorry/Sorry,but I do. 9. find students who agree with you.找出同意你的同学。 A：定语从句的引入： 指人时用Who/that. 指物时用which/that.
The girl is Emmy. The girl is wearing a colourful dress. The girl who is wearing a colourful dress is Emmy. Can you find my pen that/which I bought last weekend? B：agree with sb. agree on sth(意见suggestion, plan) agree with sb on sth. 在…上同意某人。
I agree with him. I agree with him on this problem. Do you agree on my suggestion?你同意的意见吗？
Agree to do sth. 同意做某事。 He agreed to go to the movies with me. 10. ask students about fashion. ask sb sth. 问某人某事 ask sb aout sth.问某人关于某事
You can ask me questions after class. You can ask me about soap operas. Ask sb to do sth. 要求某人做某事：Teachers often ask us to do a lot of homework. fashion, n 流行，时尚。fashion show,时装秀 Fashion store in fashion 流行的，out of fashion 不流行的
11. I showed each students six things. A:show sb sth. show sth to sb(当sth 是it,them等时，只能用show it/them to sb.)
B:each 每个（代词），各自的（adj）。与every(adj) 的区别。
Each可指两个或三个以上的每一个， every 只指三个以上的每一个。 Each (one) of us. Every one of us 我们当中的每一个。 12. some of their answers are interesting .
Some of/ a lot of/ most of/ each of/ every one of/ many of/ much of
13.Here are their likes and dislikes. Here is+单数， Here are+ 复数
14. article in the school magazine, 文章在书，magazine上用in, 在newspaper/paper上on.
15.Can you please put my letter in next month’s magazine?
A:Can/Could/will you please do sth? 表示委婉的请求，建议， Can you please not do sth?
B: put 放 sth + 介词短语。
put the book on my desk. Put the food in the fridge.
相关搭配：put on 穿上， put down. 放下，put up举起, put away把…收起来放好。 16. I can’t stand the idea that old people can’t be beautiful. A:idea 表示主意，想法，建议等。可数名词
That’s a good idea. 好主意= That sounds great/good. I have an idea/ no idea
17. clothes clothing cloth 区别： Clothes,指具体的衣服，，不能用作单数，也不能和数词连用。不能说a clothes, five clothes Girls like beautiful clothes.
clothing 是衣服、服装的总称，是集体名词，没有复数形式。,a piece of clothing一件衣服
意 Clothing can keep us warm. 衣服可以保暖。 意思是“ 布料”、“毛料”、“丝绸”（特别指布料和毛料）。Cloth在一般情况下是物质名词， 数。 the piece of cloth .
tablecloth桌布，就可数 a tablecloth.

7年级英语下册第11单元知识点

　　7年级英语下册第11单元的课程结束，你都知道要记忆的知识点有哪些吗?接下来我为你整理了7年级英语下册第11单元知识点，一起来看看吧。

　 　7年级英语下册知识点：第11单元

　　1. How was your school trip?

　　How + be + 主语?= What be +主语 + like?意为“„„怎么样?”

　　本句的答语：It was great./ It was OK./ It was /wasn’t good.

　　2. quiet a lot (相当多)+of+可数名词(复数)/不可数名词，也可单独使用。

　　e.g. We drank quite a lot of milk.

　　I saw quite a lot of cows.

　　I play tennis quite a lot in the summer.

　　拓展：

　　1) quite a little +不可数名词，意为“相当多”;

　　e.g. There is quite a little water in the bottle.

　　2) quite a few 相当多+可数名词 ，意为“相当多”。

　　e.g. Quite a few students were late.

　　3. take与photo, picture等词搭配时，意为“拍摄，摄影”。表示“拍摄某物或人”，就要在 短语 后面接介词of来引入所拍摄的对象。

　　e.g. The girl likes to take photos of herself with her cell phone(手机).

　　那个女孩喜欢用自己的手机自拍。

　　4. ...learned a lot about farming. 学到了很多关于种田的知识。

　　1) learn sth. 学习某物

　　I learn English every day.

　　2) learn about 学习关于某事，如：

　　He wants to learn more about science.

　　3) learn to do sth. 学习做某事，如：

　　We all want to learn to swim.

　　5. It was so much fun. 那真是蛮好玩的。

　　fun 表示“有趣的事情”，为不可数名词。

　　e.g. He plays the violin for the fun of it. 他拉小提琴只是为了好玩。

　　Swimming in the sea is great fun. 在海里 游泳 很好玩。

　　I had much fun on the school trip. 我在学校旅行中玩得很开心。

　　6. Lucky you! 你真幸运!

　　这是一句非正式口语，相当于You’re so lucky. lucky 之后的人称还可改为me, him 等。 e.g. —There was no power at school last night. It was so dark.

　　昨天晚上学校停电了，漆黑一片。

　　—Lucky me. I was not here. 我太幸运了，不在那里。

　　Luckily, he passed the exam in the end. 幸运的是，他最后通过考试了。

　　7. But at about two o’clock, it got very cloudy and we worried it would rain.

　　get此处做系动词，意为“变得”。

　　e.g. You have to eat the soup before it gets cold. 在汤凉掉之前赶紧喝了吧。

　　8. feel 和feel about的区别：

　　1) feel是系动词，意为“感觉”，后接形容词做表语。

　　e.g. I don’t feel well today. 我今天身体感觉不舒服。

　　2) feel about 意为“认为，以为”，后面加名词。

　　e.g. How do you feel about your school trip?

　　9. The guide taught us how to make a model robot.

　　teach sb. how to do... 意为“教某人怎样做„„”。

　　1) teach sb. to do sth. 教某人做某事

　　e.g. His father teaches him to make kites.

　　2) teach sb. sth. 教某人某事

　　e.g. Miss Chen teaches me Chinese.

　　3) teach oneself =learn by oneself 自学

　　e.g. He teaches himself every day.

　　10. I think today’s school trip was terrible.

　　名词所有格：

　　men’s room 男厕所 a mile’s distance 一英里的距离

　　注：但如果该名词是以-s或-es接尾，则只在该名词后加’ 来构成所有格。

　　three hours’ walk 三小时的路程 two miles’ distance 两英里的距离

　　five minutes’ ride骑车五分钟路程

　　11. Everything was about robots and I’m not interested in that.

　　1)everything, something, nothing, anything以及somebody, everybody, nobody等不定代词做主语时，谓语动词用单数。

　　e.g. Nobody knows me. 没有人认识我。

　　Everybody is here. 大家都在这里。

　　2) be interested in (doing)sth. 对„„感兴趣

　　e.g. I am interested in swimming.

　　12. (复习)1) too many + 可数名词复数

　　e.g. There were also too many people.

　　2) too much+不可数名词

　　e.g. He doesn’t have too much money.

　　3) much too + 形容词/副词

　　e.g. The car is much too expensive.(形容词)

　　He runs much too fast.(副词)

　　13. All in all, it was an exciting day. 总的来说/总而言之，这是很愉快的一天。

　　e.g. All in all, I think you did a good job. 总的来说，你做得很好。

　　拓展：in all 总共

　　e.g. There are 65 students in all in our class. 我们班总共有65名学生。

　　2) exciting是形容词, 后接名词，意思是―让人兴奋的，使人兴奋的‖，多形容物。 excited也是形容词, 多用来形容人。

　　e.g. This show is really exciting.

　　He is excited about the news.

　　14. I didn’t like the trip at all.

　　not...at all 意为“一点也不，完全不 ”。

　　e.g. I can’t swim at all. 我完全不会游泳。

　　I don’t like apples at all. 我根本不喜欢吃苹果

　　15. something，anything和nothing

　　1)something用在肯定句中，而anything用在疑问句或否定句中。

　　e.g. I have something important to tell you.

　　Can you hear anything?

　　2)something用在疑问句中时，表示希望对方给予肯定回答。

　　e.g. Would you like something to drink?

　　3) anything用在肯定句中，意为“任何事物，任何东西”。

　　e.g. I think I can do anything for you.为了你，我愿意做任何事。

　　4) nothing意为“没有什么;没有东西”。 nothing=not anything

　　e.g. Tom saw nothing. 汤姆什么也没看见

　　5)everything 意为“所有事情”，可用于肯定句、疑问句或否定句中。

　　e.g. I hope everything goes well. 我希望一切进展顺利。

　　16.no (形容词)+单数可数名词=not…a/an +单数可数名词

　　=not…any +复数可数名词/不可数名词

　　e.g. There is no bridge. = There isn’t a bridge.

　　He has no brothers or sisters.= He doesn’t have any brothers or sisters.

　　There is no meat in the fridge.= There is not any meat in the fridge.

　　 7年级英语下册第11单元语法知识点

　　语法：一般过去时

　　1. 用法：表示在过去某个时间或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。

　　2. 常用的时间状语，即标志词：

　　1)与yesterday 连用：yesterday昨天, the day before yesterday前天

　　yesterday morning/afternoon/evening

　　2与last 连用last night,昨晚last time上次，last term上个学期last Monday,上周一, last week/ month/year,上周/月，去年

　　3)与ago 连用：a moment ago 刚才two minutes/ hours/ days/ weeks/ months/years ago 两分钟/小时/天/周/月/年以前

　　4)与in+过去的时间连用 in 1999, in 1980

　　5) 其它 ：just now刚才 at the age of 5, 在5岁的时候 in the old days,

　　in those days,在那些日子 the other day, at that time 在那时

　　one/ that day /morning/afternoon/evening….

　　once upon a time从前

　　3. 常用的句式：

　　1)含有be动词的：

　　肯定句： 主语+ was / were + 其它。e.g. My school trip was excellent.

　　否定句： 主语+ was/ were + not +其它。e.g. My school trip was not excellent.

　　一般疑问句：Was/ Were +主语+ 其他?e.g. Was your school trip excellent?

　　肯定回答： Yes, 主语+ was/ were. e.g. Yes, it was.

　　否定回答： No, 主语+ wasn’t/ weren’t. e.g. No, it wasn’t.

　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句?：e.g. How was your school trip?

　　2)含有实意动词的：

　　肯定句:主语+ did + 其它 (did代表动词的过去式) We went to Green Park.

　　否定句:主语+ didn’t do +其它。(do代表动词的原形)

　　e.g. We didn’t go to Green Park.

　　一般疑问句：Did + 主语+ do+ 其他?e.g. Did you go to Green Park?

　　肯定回答： Yes, 主语+ did. Yes, I did.

　　否定回答： No, 主语+ didn’t. No, I didn’t.

　　特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句? e.g. Where did you go last week.

　　4.动词过去式的构成：

　　a. 规则变化

　　1)一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。

　　look →looked play→ played start→ started visit→ visited

　　2)以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。

　　live→ lived use→ used taste→ tasted hope-hoped

　　3) 以―辅音字母+ y‖结尾的动词，先将 y 改为i ，再加 –ed。

　　study→ studied try→ tried fly→ flied worry-worried

　　4)以重读闭音节(即辅音+元音+辅音)，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加 –ed。

　　stop→ stopped plan→ planned prefer→ preferred trip-tripped

　　b. 不规则变化(详见课本142页)

　　不规则动词的过去式：

　　is/am-was are -were have/has-had do/does -did

　　go-went get-got ride -rode feed-fed take-took

　　grow-grew draw-drew eat -ate come-came

　　see-saw say-said hear-heard