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2022-11-25 20:05:51 0 评论 72 阅读

Lesson 5 动名词作主语和宾语
【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下
一、概念
动名词由＂动词原形 ing＂构成。英语动名词是非谓动词的一种形式。从形式上，是在动词原形的末尾加上-ing，否定形式为not doing。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称动名词。它也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示。但要注意：不及物动词没有语态的变化。
形式
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
doing
being done
完

Lesson 5 动名词作主语和宾语

【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下

一、概念

动名词由＂动词原形 ing＂构成。英语动名词是非谓动词的一种形式。从形式上，是在动词原形的末尾加上-ing，否定形式为not doing。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称动名词。它也有时态和语态的变化，如表所示。但要注意：不及物动词没有语态的变化。

形式

主动语态

被动语态

一般式

doing

being done

完成式

having done

having been done

二、动名词的特点

1. 它是从动词变化而来的，所以它保留了动词的某些特征，例如它能带自己的宾语、状语等，这时就叫动名词短语；

2. 顾名思义，动名词最大的特点是它相当于一个名词，因此，动名词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。因为它作为名词来使用，所以动名词也有像名词一样的所有格形式。

三、动名词的用法

一、作主语

1. 表示经常的、习惯性的动作或状态，谓语动词通常用单数。

Walking is a good form of exercise for both the young and the old. 无论对年轻人和老年人来讲，走路都是一种很好的锻炼方式。

Watching news on TV has become a routine for me. 在电视上看新闻已经成了我的一种日常习惯。

Going to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车去杭州要约16个小时。

Asking a woman’s age is impolite in our country. 在我们国家，问一个女人的年龄是不礼貌的。

2. 作主语时常后置，此时须用it作形式主语，用形容词或名词(短语)作表语。

常用此种情况的形容词有dangerous, worthwhile, useless等；名词或名词短语有no use, no good, fun, hard work, a hard / difficult job, a waste of time 等。

It’s dangerous swimming in the sea on windy days. 有风的天气在海里游泳是危险的。

It is worthwhile discussing the question. 这个问题值得讨论。

It’s no use making an excuse for this. 为这件事找借口是没有用的。

It’s a waste of time talking about such a useless thing. 谈论这样无用的事情简直是浪费时间。

注意：

1. 动名词作主语时表示单数概念，谓语动词用单数形式。

Walking after supper is good for your health. 饭后走走路有益健康。

2. 动名词的复合结构( sb’s doing)作主语

动名词的复合结构是指物主代词、名词所有格是动名词逻辑上的主语；动名词是其逻辑上的谓语。作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

Your coming made us happy. 你的到来让我们很高兴。

Your father’s cooking is very good. 你爸爸做的饭很好吃。

3. 动名词与不定式作主语时的比较：动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作；不定式则通常表示具体的动作。

As a child, she felt that visiting sick people was a duty and a pleasure.

作为一个孩子，她认为去看望病人是一种责任，也是一件乐事。

Being a guest in an American home will be a good experience for me.

去美国人家里做客对我来说是一次很好的经历。

It’s an honor for me to be invited to the party. 我很荣幸受邀参加这个聚会。

To go on like this is useless. (=It is useless to go on like this.) 继续这样下去是没有用的。

二、作宾语

1. 只能接动名词作宾语的动词，常见的有avoid, consider, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, escape, cannot help, imagine, mind, miss, practise, cannot stand, excuse, Fancy, give up, put off, risk, insist on, look forward, feel like等。

Have you considered looking for one friend? 你是否考虑过找一位朋友？

We must try to avoid repeating the same mistake. 我们必须设法避免犯同样的错误。

Do you feel like having a walk with me after supper? 晚饭后你想和我一起散步吗？

People couldn’t help laughing at the foolish man. 人们忍不住嘲笑那个愚蠢的人。

注意：

当need, want, require, worth后面接动词-ing也可以表示被动(主动形式表示被动意义)。

Your hair wants cutting. 你该剪头发了。

The floor requires washing. 该洗地板了。

That novel is not worth reading. 那本小说不值得读。

2. 既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语的动词，常见的有begin, start, stop, continue, like, love, prefer, by, mean, forget，remember, hate等。

(1)在 like, love, hate, prefer等动词之后，用-ing或不定式意义上没有什么不同，只是侧重点有些不同，动名词表示泛指的动作，不定式表示具体的一次性动作。

(2)在 begin/start, continue之后, 用动名词和不定式意义无甚区别，尤其是当主语是人的时候。

(3)在动词forget, remember, regret之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同：动名词表示动作先于谓语发生，不定式表示动作后于谓语动作发生。

I remember posting the letter. 我记得我已把信寄了。

I’ll remember to post the letter. 我会记着去寄信的。

I shall never forget seeing the famous writer. 我永远不会忘记见到过那位著名作家。

Don’t forget to write to your mother. 不要忘了给你母亲写信。

I regret missing the report. 我真后悔没赶上那次报告会。

I regret to say I can’t take your advice. 我遗憾地告诉你我不能接受你的建议。

(4)在try, mean之后，用动名词与不定式意义各不相同，如 try to do (设法做某事)，try doing (尝试做某事)，mean to do (打算/有意要做某事)，mean doing (意思是/意味着做某事)。

We must try to get everything done in time. 我们必须设法及时把一切做好。

Let’s try doing the working in some other way. 我们用别的方法做这工作试试。

I didn’t mean to make you angry. 我并不想惹你生气。

Your plan would mean spending hours. 你的计划意味着要花费几个小时。

(5)在go on之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同：go on doing 继续做一直在做的事；go on to do 接着做另一件事。

Please go on doing the same exercise. 请接着做这同一个练习。

Please go on to do the other exercise. 请做另外一个练习。

(6)在stop之后，用动名词与不定式意义不同：stop doing 停止正在做的事；stop to do停下正在做的事去做另一件事。

We stopped talking. 我们停止了交谈。

We stopped to talk. 我们停了下来去谈话。

3. 作介词宾语

We’ve got to think of ways of changing people’s habits. 我们得想些法子改变人们的习惯。

I apologize for being so angry with you. 我向你道歉，刚才对你那样生气。

After being away for several years, it is a strange experience to return to the hometown.

离开几年之后再回到家乡，感觉有点怪。

I insist on taking enough food for this trip. 我坚持为这次出行带足食物。

Instead of smiling, each of them made a face. 同学们没有笑，相反都做了鬼脸。

She was very interested in working for our company. 她对为我们公司工作很感兴趣。

下列短语中的to都是介词，所以后面跟名词或动名词。如devote…to, object to, pay attention to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, stick to, be used to等。

【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行

用所给词的适当形式完成句子

1. Can you imagine yourself _______ in a lonely island? (stay)

2. I can’t understand your _______ at that poor child. (laugh)

3. She didn’t mind _______ overtime. (work)

4. To make a living, he tried _______, _______, and various other things, but he had failed in all. (write; paint)

5. We are looking forward to Mary’s _______. (come)

6. She was praised for _______ the life of the child. (save)

7. She ought to be praised instead of _______. (criticize).

8. Is there any possibility of our _______ the championship? (win)

9. He came to the party without _______. (invite)　

I. 单句语法填空

1.__________(make) friends is a necessary part in my life.

2.It’s no use __________(argue) with a person like him.

3.I’m considering ________(consult) with my lawyer about the matter.

4.I have no trouble_________(persuade) him to change his mind.

5.The thief ran away quickly to avoid________(catch).

6.Would you mind _________(turn) down your radio?

7.There is no use_________ (keep) silent about such a matter.

8.His ________(not get) to the station on time made everyone worried last week.

9.The teacher told the students to stop_________(write) and _________(listen) to him.

10.He succeeded in __________ (persuade) her to do the job.

11.Seeing the funny scene, I can’t help________.(laugh)

12.I regret _________(tell) you that my sister regrets ________(make) you her date. You are not the kind of person she wants.

13.The book is worth ________(read) a second time.

14.We are looking forward to _________ (hear) from Mr. Li.

15.The windows haven’t been cleaned for a long time. They need _________(clean).

II. 完成句子

1.I can hardly imagine ______________________________________(你能在这么短的时间内完成这么多工作).

2.In the past, he used to _________________________________(把他所有的业余时间都用在发明新的机器上).

3.He has always insisted on _______________________________________(被送往国外学习).

4.—I usually go there by air.

—Why not ___________________________(尝试一下坐高铁去那儿).

5.I would appreciate _______________________________________(你父亲今天下午给我回个电话).

6.You must ______________________________________(就迟到一事向你的老师道歉).

7.How about the two of us_______________________________(去爬山) this afternoon.

8.No one enjoys _____________________(被嘲笑) in public places.

9.Do you mind ___________________________(我在这里吸烟)?

10.________________________________(在早上朗读英语) has been part of his daily life.

III. 语法填空

I crossed the street to avoid 1 (meet) him, but he saw me and came 2 (run) towards me. It was no use 3 (pretend) that I had not seen him, so I waved to him. I never enjoy 4 (meet) Nigel Dykes. He never has anything to do. No matter how busy you are, he always insists on 5 (come) with you. I had to think of a way of 6 (prevent) him from 7 (follow) me around all morning.

＂Hello, Nigel,＂ I said. ＂Fancy 8 (meet) you here!＂

＂Hi, Elizabeth,＂ Nigel answered. ＂I was just wondering how to spend the morning -- until I saw you. You’re not busy 9 (do) anything, are you?＂

＂No, not at all,＂I answered.＂I’m going to…＂

＂Would you mind my 10 (come) with you? ＂ he asked, before I had finished 11 (speak).

＂Not at all,＂ I lied, ＂but I’m going to the dentist.＂

＂Then I’ll come with you,＂ he answered. ＂There’s always plenty to read in the 12 (wait) room! ＂

I. 七选五

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

It’s Nice to be Home

1 I have been fortunate enough to make trips to many countries. They were wonderful adventures filled with new sights and experiences. And my wife and I have another trip in the planning stages.

We’re home now and have settled back into our daily routine of life. 2 I find that when I am at home, particularly for a while when we have just returned from a trip, I feel very comfortable. Perhaps it is because everything around me is familiar and the daily routine is so much the same I can move through it almost without thinking. 3 Perhaps it is because we can have meals at home instead of always being in restaurants, although it’s nice to let someone else do the cooking，and because I can sleep in my own bed. There are times I think it would be nice to simply stop travelling and stay home and I’m sure I would be very comfortable if that were to happen. 4

Yet I guess I am probably a restless soul because I know that after I have been home for a while I will start to think about other places we might go and other things we want to see. We will travel again and we feel fortunate to be able to do so. 5 Still, one of the best things about travelling for me is coming home. I’m very comfortable here at home even if it is difficult to say exactly why.

A. I like to travel very much.

B. I enjoy local food while travelling.

C. I like being home, for whatever reason.

D. Perhaps it is because our friends are here.

E. And I enjoy my daily life at home so much.

F. We want to see as much of the world as we can.

G. It’s lucky that my wife and I both love travelling.

II. 书面表达

假如你是李华，暑假期间，你将参加学生代表团，回访去年来你校交流的瑞典（Sweden）某中学。请你给去年来访时住在你家的Peter写信。

要点如下：

1. 时间： 8月20日至8月31日；

2. 参加人员：教师1人，学生30 人；

3. 希望Peter带你参观该市的足球俱乐部。

注意：

1. 词数100左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；

3. 信的开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Peter,

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

I. 语法填空

1.（2018·全国I）You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ___63___ (die) early by running.

2. (2017·新课标全国卷I) Fast food is (be) full of fat and salt; by (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

3. (2017·新课标全国卷II) This included digging up the road, ___________(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over the top.

4. (2017·新课标全国卷III)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ____________ (rest).

5. (2016·新课标全国卷I) My ambassadorial duties will include ___________(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.

6. (2016·新课标全国卷II) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable.

II. 改错

1. （2018·全国I）My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

2. (2017·新课标全国卷I) The instructor kept repeating the word, ＂Speed up!＂＂Slow down!＂＂Turning left!＂

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. (2016·新课标全国卷II) We can chose between staying at home and take a trip.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

4. (2016·新课标全国卷III) I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

5. (2015·陕西) My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter!

_______________________________________________________________________________________

6. (2015·四川) We’ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

III. 单项填空

1.（2018·北京）_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience

A. Travel B. Traveling C. Having traveled D. Traveled

2. (2015·安徽) ___________ the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.

A. Ignore B. Ignoring C. Ignored D. Having ignored

3. (2015·北京) The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ___________.

A. recognizing B. being recognized

C. having recognized D. having been recognized

4. (2014·江西) When it comes to ___________ in public, no one can match him.

A. speak B. speaking C. being spoken D. be spoken

5. (2014·湖南) ___________ your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.

A. Understanding B. To be understood

C. Being understood D. Having understood

6. (2013·江苏) Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ____________ to ruins, the city took on a new look.

A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced

7. (2013·福建) _____________ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.

A. Known B. Having known

C. Knowing D. Being known

8. (2013·浙江) ____________how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.

A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing

IV. 短文改错

(2017·新课标全国卷II) Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school. They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together. They have also bought for some gardening tools. Beside, they often get some useful informations from the Internet. When summer came, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!

如何写海报

【文体介绍】

海报写作属于应用文写作。海报是一种宣传广告，其内容是提供活动信息、宣传广告、介绍产品或说服别人等。因此海报的语言要力求简洁、通俗易懂，并具有很强的说服力和吸引力。

【写作技巧】

1. 基本内容

海报通常包括导言、正文和结论三个部分。导言部分介绍主要信息(产品或服务等)；正文部分提供更多产品或服务等相关的信息，并提供选择或推荐的理由；结论部分总结海报内容。

2. 语言

大量使用省略句，文字力求简洁生动。

3. 版面

版面工整、美观。可以使用不同的字体和颜色，还可以插入图片。

【温馨提示】

要想写好这类作文。我们需要注意以下几点：

1. 基本内容。海报中经常要写明活动的具体内容、主办单位、时间、地点、方法以及注意事项等。

2. 语言。海报的语言力求简明扼要，形象生动，富有鼓动性，又不夸大其词。

3. 组成部分。海报通常由三部分组成，即标题、正文和落款。①海报的标题是海报宣传的＂窗口＂。因此，标题的撰写，应尽量做到简洁明了，新颖醒目，能一下子吸引读者的注意力和兴趣。通常有两种写法。一种是使用POSTER(海报)一词；另一种是根据海报的内容，撰写标题。②海报的正文是海报的核心部分，是对海报标题的具体描述，应抓住五个要点(什么时间、什么地点、有何事情、谁来参加和注意事项)。③海报的落款要写明主办单位及撰写日期。

4. 格式要求。海报的标题写在第一行，顶格或者居中；海报的落款通常写在海报正文的右下方，要注明单位，而登出海报的日期通常放在最后一行。

假如你是你们学校广播站的成员。请根据以下要点制作一张海报介绍本学期广播站的英语节目。

1.广播时间：周一到周五，中午12点到下午1点。

2.节目内容：周一 ——《文化》；周二——《音乐》；周三——《银屏》(英语歌曲和电影)；周四——《故事会》；周五——《世界瞭望》。

注意：1. 可适当增加内容，以使行文连贯；

2. 词数100左右。

参考词汇：《世界瞭望》Worldview；校广播站School Broadcasting Station。

_________________________________________________________________________________________

【参考范文】

Poster

To improve our English and enrich our school life, the School Broadcasting Station has developed a series of English programs for students this semester.

Beginning at 12 at noon and ending at 1 p.m. every day from Monday to Friday, we are providing you with amazing programs. You will be able to learn about different western cultures in Culture every Monday. Music on Tuesdays, along with Silver Screen on Wednesdays, enables you to appreciate wonderful English songs and films. Stories on Thursdays will cover all the breaking news on campus over the week, while Worldview on Fridays will discuss what happens in the world that week.

If you are interested, please turn on your class radio during lunch time.

School Broadcasting Station

September 24, 201

请你根据以下要点提示，以学校学生会的名义，写一篇海报，呼吁人们节约耕地资源。

1. 我国人口不断增长，而耕地面积日益减少，耕地面积只占全国土地总面积的10%左右；

2. 更为糟糕的是，建工厂，修公路和铁路，以及建设房屋等占用了大量耕地。

3. 呼吁大家节约用地，充分利用土地，以及保护现有的耕地资源。

Save Our Limited Farmland

_________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Wednesday, March 19

【参考范文】

Save Our Limited Farmland

It’s a well-known fact that the population of our country is growing rapidly while farmland is being lost day by day. According to the latest statistics, land suitable for farming only makes up about 10% of the total land in our country. Worse still, building factories, roads, railways and houses uses up a lot of land, especially farmland. We now here call on all people to save and protect our farmland. Remember once our farmland is gone, it will be impossible to get it back.

The Student Union

Wednesday, March 19

【亮点点评】

1. 使用了一些高级的词汇和句型，使文章的表达更生动：如according to, make up, call on等短语，使用的句型有It’s a well-known fact that...等等。

2. 文章中使用了一些过渡短语，使文章更流畅，如worse still＂更糟糕的是＂。

Lesson 6 v-ing形式作宾语补足语、表语

【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下

总述：

v-ing形式由＂动词原形 -ing＂构成，可分为动名词和现在分词，不能单独作谓语。

1. 动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。

Traveling a lot can be useful. 多旅行大有益处。(作主语)

She enjoys reading romance. 她喜欢读传奇小说。(作宾语)

The most funny part is playing roles. 最有趣的部分是扮演角色。(作表语)

Remember to bring a sleeping bag for the camping. 记得带一个野营用的睡袋。(作定语)

2. 现在分词在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语等。

The situation is very encouraging. 形势非常鼓舞人心。(作表语)

Don’t wake up the sleeping girl. 不要叫醒那个熟睡的女孩。(作定语)

We heard grandpa coughing last night. 我们昨晚听到爷爷咳嗽了。(作宾语补足语)

【特别提醒】

1. 动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主动关系。现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主动关系。

a waiting room=a room for waiting 候车室(动名词作定语)

a waiting man=a man who is waiting 一个等待的男人(现在分词作定语)

2. 动名词作表语时，其与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。

分述：

一、v-ing形式作宾语补足语

1. v-ing形式作宾语补足语，表示一个正在进行的主动动作或一种状态，作宾语补足语的v-ing形式与其前的宾语存在逻辑上的主动关系。

When we returned to the dormitory, we found a stranger standing in it.

当我们回到宿舍时，发现里面站着一个陌生人。

I found a bag lying on the ground. 我发现一个包在地上放着。

The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 这位老板让工人们干了整整一夜。

2. 当句子转换为被动结构时，原来作宾语补足语的v-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。

They found the result very satisfying.=The result was found very satisfying.

They heard him singing in the next room.=He was heard singing in the next room.

3. 能用v-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词：

(1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词，即＂感官动词＂，常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。

I see him stealing money from the woman. 我看到他在偷一位妇女的钱。

I felt somebody standing behind me. 我感觉到有人站有我背后。

(2)表示＂叫、让、使＂等指使意义的动词，即＂使役动词＂，常见的有have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。

I won’t have you doing that. 我不能容忍你那么做。

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 很抱歉，让你久等了。

4. v-ing形式也可用在have,get,leave,keep,set,catch等表示＂致使＂的动词后作宾语补足语。

They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.他们应该让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。

I won’t have you running about in the room.我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。

We kept the fire burning all night long.我们让火烧了一晚上。

5. v-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别：

在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等感官动词后，既可用v-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不带to的不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用v-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不带to的不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。

He saw a girl getting on the car.他看见一个女孩儿在上汽车。(She was getting on the car.)

He saw a girl get on the car. 他看见一个女孩儿上车了。(She got on the car.)

Do you hear someone knocking at the door? 你听见有人在敲门吗？(Someone is knocking at the door.)

Do you hear someone knock at the door? 你听见有人敲门了吗？(Someone knocked at the door just now.)

【特别注意】

如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不带to的不定式来表示，不用v-ing形式。

I saw him enter the room,sit down and light a cigarette.我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香烟。

二、v-ing形式作表语

v-ing形式作表语有两种不同的含义：

1. 说明主语的内容。

Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。

The real question is getting to know the needs of the students. 真正的问题是了解学生的需要。

His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是集邮。

2. 说明主语具有的特征。

Our work is serving the people. 我们的工作是为人民服务。

The next step is to search the titles for more information.下一步是查标题，以获得更多的信息。

【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行

语法填空

Once I was lucky enough to watch Charlie Chaplin __1__(make) one of his famous films. I observed him __2__ (direct) as well as __3__(act) in it. He had a particular method of film making. He planned the story and then performed and filmed each scene many times. I saw him making each scene a little different. Then I found him __4__(pick) out the scenes he liked best and __5__(join) them together to make the film more __6__(entertain). It was an__7__(interest) experience as it was clear that he did not keep to a strict budget.

I. 用动词-ing形式完成句子

1. —Why did you go back to the shop?

—I left my husband 　　　　　　(在那里等)

2. The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with 　　　　　　(剩下的20美元).

3. The headmaster caught a student 　　　　　　(在考试中作弊) when he passed by the classroom.

4. He was such 　　　　　　(一个令人失望的学生) that he didn’t pass the simple test. So his parents were disappointed.

5.The owner was too excited to speak, when the 　　　　　　(丢失的钱包) was returned.

6. Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it 　　　　　　　　　(现场演奏) is quite another.

7.The purpose of new teaching method is making study easier,not 　　　　　　　　　(让它更难).

8.The policewoman looked around and caught a young man 　　　　　　　　　(把手伸进) the pocket of a passenger.

II. 单句改错

1. Don’t leave the water run while you are brushing your teeth.

________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The flowers smelt sweet in the garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

________________________________________________________________________________________

3. The teacher went into the classroom, leaving the boy to stand outside.

________________________________________________________________________________________

4. It was so cold that they had the fire burnt all night long.

________________________________________________________________________________________

5. On hearing the excited news that her son was admitted to Peking University, she burst into tears.

________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Tom works hard. He is often seen read English while others are playing.

________________________________________________________________________________________

7. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door to say ＂Sorry to miss you and I will call you later.＂

________________________________________________________________________________________

8. The words from the naughty student during class set others laugh.

________________________________________________________________________________________

9. When I caught him cheat I stopped buying things there.

________________________________________________________________________________________

10. The story that you told just now sounded interested.

________________________________________________________________________________________

Ⅲ. 用所给单词的适当形式填空

1.When Mary got home, there was a pile of mails 　　　　　　(wait)for her.

2. The room is empty except for a bookshelf 　　　　　　(stand)in one corner.

3. I looked up and noticed a snake 　　　　　　(wind)its way up the tree to catch its

breakfast.

4. The next thing he saw was smoke 　　　　　　(rise)from behind the house.

5. There’s a very long winding path 　　　　　　(lead)to the village.

6.The story was so 　　　　　　(interest) that every one in the room burst into laughter.

7. Germans must be 　　　　　　(

excite) to hear their team win the World Cup.

8. The man 　　　　　　(swim) in the sea is my brother.

9. I was watching TV at home when I heard many people 　　　　　　(quarrel).

10. When I found him 　　　　　　(lie), I decided not to believe in him.

I. 阅读理解

My doorbell rings at 11 a.m. On the step, I find an elderly Chinese lady. She is small and slight. She holds a paper carrier bag in her hands.

I know this lady. It is by no means her first visit. Her daughter, Nicole, bought the house next door last October. Nicole, who is currently in Shanghai, has apparently told her mother that I am having heart surgery shortly, and the result is that her mother has decided I need to be supplied with meals.

I know what is inside the paper carrier bag — a stainless steel container with a meal of rice, vegetables and either chicken, meat or shrimp. This has become an almost-daily occurrence.

Communication between my benefactor(恩人)and me is somewhat handicapped by the fact that she doesn’t speak English and all I can say in Mandarin is "hello". Once, she brought an iPad and pointed to the screen, which displayed a message from Nicole telling me that her mother wanted to know if the food was all right.

"Your mother just can’t be bringing me meals like this all the time," I protested. "I can hardly reciprocate by cooking something from my native land, like roast beef or Yorkshire pudding for her, "I said.

"Oh, no, "Nicole said. "Don’t worry about that. She has to cook for the family anyway, and she wants to do it for you. You can call her Wing, which is her surname."

The tenant in my basement suite is a university student who speaks Mandarin quite well, so with her help, I have found out that Wing is 68 — 13 years younger than I am. For my part, I was raised in wartime Britain.

So here we are, two grandmothers a world away from where we were raised, neither of us able to speak the other’s language. But the doorbell keeps ringing and there is the familiar paper carrier bag, handed smilingly to me by Wing.

Right now I am working on some more Mandarin words —it’s the least I can do after such a display of kindness.

"Thank you" is, of course, the first one, which somehow seems inadequate.

1．The author and Wing got to know each other ____________.

A. as next door neighbors B. when exchanging meals

C. by sharing similar experiences D. after using an iPad to communicate

2．The underlined word "reciprocate" in Paragraph 5 probably means " ____________".

A. do as well B. offer generously

C. give in return D. accept with pleasure

3．The author’s effort to learn Mandarin shows her ____________.

A. great satisfaction B. real kindness

C. heartfelt thanks D. sincere friendship

Taktak tabulaba?

You probably don’t know how to answer that question —unless you happen to be one of the about 430 people in the world who speak a language called Matukar Panau. Then you would know it means "What are we doing?" Matukar Panau is one of the world’s rarest languages. It is spoken in just two small coastal villages in Papua New Guinea.

Several years ago, David Harrison, a language expert, didn’t know much about Matukar Panau either. No one had ever recorded or even studied its words and rules. With so few speakers, the language risked disappearing soon. It was endangered.

Harrison didn’t want that to happen to Matukar Panau. So in 2009, he set out for Papua New Guinea. His goal: use modern technology to help the remaining speakers preserve their native tongue.

But Matukar Panau is far from the only language facing loss. Studies suggest that by the end of this century, nearly half of the 7,000 languages now spoken worldwide could disappear. They’re in danger partly because the only people left speaking them are elderly adults. When those individuals die, their language will die with them. In addition, children may discard a native language and instead use more common global languages, such as Chinese, English or Spanish.

In the United States alone, 134 native American languages are endangered. "Language hotspots" exist all over the world. These are places with endangered languages that haven’t been recorded. They include the state of Oklahoma, pockets of central and eastern Siberia, parts of northern Australia and communities in South America.

4．What did Harrison go to Papua New Guinea for?

A. Learning their native language.

B. Helping preserve their endangered tongue.

C. Learning their modern technology.

D. Teaching the natives a new language.

5．The underlined word "discard" in Paragraph 5 means "___________".

A. hear of B. pick up C. get rid of D. learn about

6．The last two paragraphs imply that endangered languages are ___________.

A. dying quickly in Siberia

B. becoming a worldwide problem

C. popular in some special places

D. some native tongues

7．According to the passage, the author is ______________ about the endangered languages.

A. indifferent B. suspicious C. supportive D. concerned

II. 书面表达

请根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。

We all know that ＂sticks and stones may break our bones＂, but we should also be aware that words can hurt people, too.

注意：

1. 无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；

2. 除诗歌外，文体不限；

3. 词数100左右。

I. 语法填空

1. (2017·新课标全国卷I) Fast food ___ (1) ___ (be) full of fat and salt; by (2) (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

2. (2017·新课标全国卷II)This included digging up the road, ___ (1) ___ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over ___ (2) ___ top.

3. (2017·新课标全国卷III)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ___________ (rest).

II. 单项填空

(2015·浙江) Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it live is quite another.

A. perform B. performing

C. to perform D. being performed

Writing: 叙事类记叙文

如何写叙事类记叙文

【写作分析】

　　叙事记叙文，以时间为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，将人物、时间、地点、原因和结果，即五个＂W＂（what, who, when, where, why）和一个＂How＂清楚地表达出来。

【写法指导】

【题型设置与意图】

叙事类记叙文主要是对事件的发生、发展过程和结果进行叙述。主要是说明事件的时间、背景、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个＂W＂(what，who，when，where，why)和一个＂H＂(how)。叙事类记叙文的表达方式主要是＂叙述＂和＂描写＂，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。题型设置旨在考查学生叙述事件的能力，以考查学生对一般过去时态和一般将来时态陈述句的运用为主要目的。

【写作角度】

写作时要写清事情发生与发展的过程以及事情发生的前因后果等。一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述。写已发生的真实事情和虚拟的故事常用一般过去时；写将要发生的事情用一般将来时。叙事类记叙文的展开一般都是以时间为主线来组织所要叙述的内容，使读者对文章中的人物或事件有一个比较清晰的了解。

结构安排通常有三种形式：正叙、倒叙和插叙。

1. 正叙是英语叙述文中最常用的一种结构，即以人物出现、活动或事件开始发生的时间点作为记叙的起点，然后按照人物活动的展开、事件发展的自然顺序进行叙述。

2. 倒叙则是在文章的开头就交代人物活动或事件发展的结果。

3. 插叙这一结构在英文写作中很少用到。

【注意事项】

1. 正确使用时态和人称

　①时态：多用一般过去时，灵活使用其他时态

　②人称：第一人称（记叙本人的经历或耳闻目睹的事件）

　　第三人称（记叙他人的经历或事件）

2. 叙述内容要突出中心，详略得当，清楚连贯

事件信息点的表述不要完全按照所给的顺序，要适当重组信息点，正确运用一些过渡词及短语，使故事有条理、连贯、流畅。

3. 常见叙述线索

　　①以时间为线索，按时间的顺序展开

　　②以地点为线索，以地点的转移为顺序展开

　 ③以事件发展的过程为线索，或以人物出现的先后次序展开

4. 正确运用描写事件的词汇和句型

【常用词语】

1. 表达时间

　at about 4:30 p. m; on Thursday; be doing…when…等。

2. 表达地点

　at the crossing; at the end of street; near our school; five kilometers to; on the spot等。

③表达交通情况

　a traffic accident; on one’s way to; be very crowded in the street; a car coming from behind; high speed; knock sb over; be seriously injured;drive a car; ride a bike; drive off; traffic lights;turn left; lead to; a number of; report…to…等。

（2018·北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记述你们上周接待外国学生，带领他们体验中国茶文化的全过程。

注意：词数不少于60。

_________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

【参考范文】

Last week, we took the foreign students in our school to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out be to extremely rewarding.

On arriving at the tea house, the foreign students were impressed by the unique tea pots and tea cups. I gave them a vivid and informative introduction of tea culture, including its profound history, its rich variety, and the exquisite craftsmanship of making tea with their interest greatly sparked, I then began to teach them how to make tea.

In order to deliver a clear presentation, I slowly explained the traditional procedure of making tea in detail. Absorbed in every move of mine, the foreign students were once again amazed by this unique culture and they couldn’t help taking pictures from time to time.

Next came the moment when I asked them to have a try themselves. Washing the tea pots, adding tea leaves, and pouring water into the cups, they followed my instructions and were really immersed in charming tea culture. The tea house witnessed a really enjoyable time for all of us.

At the end of the activity, holding the tea bags in our hands, we took a picture to memorize the unforgettable day. It suddenly hit me that traditional culture like tea culture was of great charm and huge value. And I swelled with pride to spread our own culture to people all over the world.

【名师点评】

1. 巧妙使用定语从句，提升了文章档次：Last week, we took the foreign students in our school to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out be to extremely rewarding.

2. 使用非谓语动词，使句子表达更简洁：

On arriving at the tea house…

I gave them a vivid and informative introduction of tea culture, including its profound history, its rich variety,

Absorbed in every move of mine, the foreign students were once again amazed by this unique culture

holding the tea bags in our hands, we took a picture to memorize the unforgettable day.

3. 使用倒装句突出重点。

Next came the moment when I asked them to have a try themselves.

4. 使用it作形式主语，使表达更地道。

It suddenly hit me that traditional culture like tea culture was of great charm and huge value.

你和李明参加了一次野外生存训练。以下5幅图画表现了野外训练活动的过程，请根据图示写一篇英文日记。

注意：

1. 词数100左右；

2. 日记的开头与结尾已为你写好。

参考词汇：指南针compass n. 手电筒flashlight n.

急救包first-aid kit 宿营地campsite n.

Saturday, April 4, 2017 Cloudy

Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

The two of us spent the night in the forest.

We learned to use knowledge gained in classroom training to solve problems .It was quite an experience for us both, which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life .

【审题】

形式：日记

文体：叙事类记叙文

人称：第一人称（we, I）、第三人称（Li Ming）

时态：一般过去时

图画信息：

图1：太阳、背包中的物品；

图2：木板、河流；

图3：书包放在木板上与人一同过河；

图4：迷路、在指南针的帮助下找到营地；

图5：月亮、营地的活动

内容要点：

1. 出发；2. 背包中的物品；3. 爬山；4. 过河；5. 找路；6. 宿营。

【参考范文】

Saturday, April 4, 2017 Cloudy

Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school.

Early in the morning, we set out. Li Ming was carrying a compass and a tent in his backpack, and in mine there was a flashlight, a map, a knife,a first-aid kit, some matches, candles, food, and clothing.

On the way to campsite, we climbed a hill, and then we swam across a river, pushing the backpacks on a large piece of wood.

As we got into a forest, we lost our way. Luckily, we found the right direction with the compass.

By the time we arrived at the campsite, it had already been dark. Li Ming put up the tent, and I made a fire and started cooking.

The two of us spent the night in the forest.

We learned to use knowledge gained in classroom training to solve problems. It was quite an experience for us both, which I’ll never forget for the rest of my life.

Lesson 7 v-ing形式作定语、状语

【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下

一、v-ing形式作定语

1. 单个的v-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般有两种含义：

(1)说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。

a reading room= a room for reading 阅览室

running shoes= shoes for running 跑鞋

a working method = a method of working 工作方法

a sewing machine 缝纫机

a swimming pool 游泳池

a drawing board 画板

a dining car 餐车

a driving permit 驾驶许可证

a walking stick 手杖

a singing competition 歌咏比赛

(2)表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近于一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性的动作或当时的状态。

developing countries = countries that are developing发展中国家

an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary看起来很普通的房子

a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody一个令人困惑的问题

a disappointing play令人失望的戏剧

an astonishing adventure惊人的冒险

boiling water正在沸腾的水

a sleeping baby熟睡的婴儿

a barking dog狂吠的狗

the setting sun落日

the coming week下一周

failing sight逐渐衰退的视力

The working people are masters of our country. 劳动人民是我们国家的主人。

Let sleeping dogs lie. 不要惹麻烦。

2. 作定语的v-ing形式如果是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。

The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory. 装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去。

They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。

The book being discussed a lot will be published next month. 人们谈论很多的那本书下一个月将出版。

3. 有些情况下，v-ing形式不能用来作定语，必须使用定语从句。

(1)作定语的v-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如果两者不能同时发生，则需使用定语从句。

【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.

【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.

昨天来的教授将要给我们做一个讲座。

(2)v-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语，不作定语。

【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.

【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.

被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。

【特别注意】

v-ing形式可以单独作定语，也可以构成合成词作定语，但是在更多情况下是分词短语作定语，包括限制性和非限制性(用逗号和其他部分分开)，在意义上相当于一个定语从句。

The baby recognized his mother’s smiling face.那个婴儿能认出他妈妈的笑脸。

The lecture, starting at 7:00 p. m. last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.昨晚7:00开始的那个讲座之后是用望远镜观察月亮。

二、v-ing形式作状语

动词的-ing形式(短语)可以在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，用来表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式或伴随情况等。表示时间、原因或条件时，通常位于句子的前部；表示方式、伴随或结果时，通常位于句子的后部。

1. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句

Hearing the noise, I turned round.=When I heard the noise, I turned round. 听到响声我转过身去。

2. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句

Being too young, he couldn’t join the army.=Because he was too young, he couldn’t join the army.因为年轻，他不能参军。

3. 作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句

Working hard, you’ll succeed.=If you work hard, you’ll succeed. 努力工作，你会成功的。

4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句

动词-ing短语作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时它的前面可带有连词although，whether，even if，even though等。

Admitting what she said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best.=Although/Though I admit what she said, I still think that she hasn’t tried her best. 尽管承认她所说的话，但我仍然认为她没有尽最大的努力。

5. 作方式状语或伴随状语

He walked down the river, singing softly to himself.=He walked down the river and sang softly to himself.

他沿着河流一边走，一边轻轻地唱。

6. 表示结果，作结果状语，相当于结果状语从句。

通常放在句末，中间有逗号隔开，表示一种自然的、顺理成章的结果。

His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan.=His parents died in the war so that he became an orphan.

他的父母在战争中死亡，以致他成了孤儿。

【特别注意】

不一样的结果状语

现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。

动词-ing形式作状语的注意事项：

1. 动词-ing形式的时态

动词ing(短语)作状语时，要注意它的时间性，即注意是用其一般式(doing)还是用完成式(having done)。

当动词ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生时，用一般式。当它的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用完成式。

Walking in the street, I met an old friend of mine. 我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)

Having finished the letter, he went to post it. 他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的。)

2. 动词ing形式的否定式

动词ing形式的否定式是在它的前面加not。

Not seeing John, I asked where he was. 我看不见约翰，于是问他在什么地方。

3. 动词-ing形式的语态

使用动词-ing形式的主动式还是被动式，这主要取决于现在分词和句子主语间的关系。句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。

Having been shown around the factory, they were very happy.(they是被带领着参观) 被领着参观了工厂后，他们很高兴。

4. 动词ing形式作评注性状语

有少数动词ing(短语)并不表示主语的动作，即不存在其逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致的问题，只是表示说话人的态度。常这样用的有：

generally/frankly/properly/...speaking一般/坦白/恰当……说来

judging from/by...从……判断

considering...考虑到……

supposing...假设……

【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行

语法填空

Mary Smith looked at the beautiful ripe plums (梅子). They would make lovely jam. When she had finished the __1__(cook), she filled all her empty jam jars __2__(leave) the rest of the jam in the pan. She would put it in the fridge when it was cooler. But just then the telephone rang. __3__(learn) that her mother was in hospital after a car accident, Mary picked up her bag and ran out of the house.

Some days later, her husband, John, came home from a business trip. He had been traveling all day and felt like __4__(have) a drink and a piece of cake. __5__(enter) the kitchen he saw a pan with a dark red mess inside it. He lifted it up and smelled it. It smelled bad. __6__(think) Mary must have forgotten to clean this pan, he poured all the jam into the chicken yard and cleaned the pan. Then __7__(feel) comfortable, he began to eat a piece of cake.

When Mary returned, she noticed the chickens __8__(behave) strangely. They were running round the yard as if they were sick. She saw the dark red mess on the ground and went closer. __9__(see) a plum stone she went into the kitchen. Her husband was at the table __10__(read) a newspaper. Angrily Mary rushed up to him __11__(shout)＂You threw away my jam!＂ Her husband said. ＂I’m sorry but I thought it was porridge __12__(go) bad in the hot weather.＂

I. 用所给动词的适当形式填空

1. ________ (seat) himself by a table, the gentleman asked the waiter for a cup of coffee politely.

2. The party will be held in the garden, weather ________ (permit).

3. I’m afraid we’ll have to work extra hours, for there are still some problems remaining ________ (settle).

4. To catch the first train, they went ________ (run) all the way.

5. The student stood in front of the door, not ________ (know) what to do.

6. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter ________ (offer) him it.

7. The mother hurried to work, ________ (leave) her son alone at home.

8. The old man, ________ (work) abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.

9. ________ (stand) in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a new iPad.

10. ________ (suffer) from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.

II. 同义句转换

1. After we cleaned the rooms we began to clean up our dormitories.

the rooms we began to clean up our dormitories.

2. Because he was ill, he couldn’t book the flight.

he couldn’t book the flight.

3. Working hard, you will certainly succeed.

work hard, you will certainly succeed.

4. My car was caught in a traffic jam, which caused the delay.

My car was caught in a traffic jam, the delay.

5. While you are approaching the crossroads, you must be careful.

While the crossroads, you must be careful.

III. 根据汉语提示用v.-ing形式完成句子

1. Our maths teacher gave a further explanation, .(使它解决起来更容易).

2. (坦率地说), the resources in the world are very limited.

3. (由于年龄太大), he can’t calculate the result quickly.

4. (如果开车太快), you will damage the car.

5. The missing boy was last seen (在河边玩耍).

I. 七选五

根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

1 One of the best things you can possibly do is to start your own club. It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays.

The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. 2 Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless.

Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. 3 All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you.

4 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That’ll keep you busy for ages.

At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!

Now you have just about everything you need, except membership cards. These are very important and again you can speed a lot of time making them. 5 Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself? That will make the membership card really look like it.

So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started you’ll think of loads of more interesting things to do!

A. That’s easy.

B. Enjoy your own club!

D. What are you interest in?

D. Invite a designer to join you.

E. Some vacation is just around the corner.

F. Then you need to pick a name for your club.

G. Use a bright thick pen to make a special design.

II. 书面表达

在日常生活中，我们可以同时用话语和肢体语言来表达我们的思想和想法以及与他人交流。那么你知道下面三幅图中的肢体语言代表什么意思吗？请结合图片信息，用英语谈一谈你对肢体语言的认识与看法。词数：不少于100。

I. 语法填空

1. (2017·新课标全国卷II改编) It took three years to complete and was built (use) an interesting method.

2. (2017·新课标全国卷III改编) Sarah was told / has been told (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel ______________(earn) a million dollars in the next year.

3. (2017·浙江改编) Others say it’s only natural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation, ______________(see) it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society.

4. (2017·浙江改编) At the start of this year, foreigners ______________(live) in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5 percent, with immigrants’ children accounting for an ever larger percentage of births in Italy.

5. (2017·浙江改编) For new reporters, this can seem like a ______________(challenge) task.

6. (2017·浙江改编) Pahlsson screamed so loudly that her daughter came ______________(run) from the house.

7. (2017·北京改编)TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the world of children’s publishing, ______________(bring) a unique combination of challenging ideas and good fun to young fans every month.

II. 写出下列画线词在句中所作成分

1. (2017·新课标全国卷III改编) For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.

2. (2017·新课标全国卷III改编) Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.

3. (2017·北京改编)Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加) of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption（豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.

III. 单项填空

1.（2018·江苏）Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _______ the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.

A. having exceeded B. to exceed

C. exceeded D. exceeding

2. (2017·北京) Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online __________ their valuable time.

A. save B. saving C. to save D. saved

3. (2017·江苏) Many Chinese brands, ____________ their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.

A. having developed B. being developed C. developed D. developing

4. (2017·天津)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _____________ more patients to be treated.

A. being allowed B. allowing C. having allowed D. allowed

5. (2017·北京) Many airlines now allow passengers to print their boarding passes online ____________ their valuable time.

A. save B. saving C. to save D. saved

6. (2017·北京) The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _____________ from butterflies to elephants.

A. ranging B. range C. to range D. ranged

7. (2017·北京) Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time _____________ with his students.

A. to spend B. spend C. spending D. spent

8. (2016·北京) __________ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.

A. Ordering B. To order

C. Having ordered D. Ordered

9. (2016·天津) The cooling wind swept through out bedroom windows, _________ air conditioning unnecessary.

A. making B. to make

C. made D. being made

10. (2016·浙江) I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do with students.

A. working B. work

C. to work D. worked

11. (2015·湖南) When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, ___________ whether to stay or leave.

A. wondering B. wonder

C. to wonder D. wondered

12. (2015·北京)___________the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.

A. Catching B. Caught

C. To catch D. Catch

13. (2015·重庆) Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way__________ the sun and the stars.

A. used B. having used

C. using D. use

14. (2015·天津) __________ for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.

A. To work B. Worked

C. To be working D. Having worked

15. (2015·天津) __________ in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.

A. To absorb B. To be absorbed

C. Absorbed D. Absorbing

16. (2016·浙江) To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d like you to look at a study __________ in Australia in 2012.

A. having conducted B. to be conducted

C. conducting D. conducted

17. (2015·福建) In recent years an English word ＂infosphere＂ has appeared, __________the sense of ＂information＂ and ＂ atmosphere＂.

A. combine B. combined

C. combining D. being combined

18. (2015·大纲全国卷) Today there are more airplanes___________ more people than ever before in the skies.

A. carry B. carrying

C. carried D. to be carrying

如何写建议信

1. 建议信写作注意事项

建议信的写作目的是提出建议或忠告，不是投诉信。观点要合情合理，注意礼貌当先。

2. 写作方法

①首段：

a. 简介自己，不要罗嗦；

b. 说明目的，注意语气。

②主体：

a. 提出具体建议；

b. 首先肯定优点，再写改进内容，否则会变成投诉信；

c. 经常进行交流，注意对方感受，时时提到你和我，否则容易跑题写成议论文。

③尾段：总结建议，注意礼貌，使对方易于接受。

3. 写作流程图

说明写信目的

介绍详情、说明原因

提出建议

提出希望采纳建议，并表示谢意，盼望回复

第一部分：说明写信的目的

套语：

(1) 来信收到，得知你下个月要对中国进行一次为期十天的访问，我建议……

I have received your letter saying that you plan to have a ten-day visit to China next month. I recommend that…

(2) 写此信是要提出我对进一步提高和改进饭店管理的建议——建立我们自己的网站来吸引更多的客户。

I am writing to you to present what I think on the further improvement of our hotel so as to establish a website of our own to attract more clients.

第二部分：介绍详情、说明原因

套语：

(1) 它将于下午两点钟开始，四点钟结束，在此期间将会有十五位准备充分的参赛者发表演讲。

It will begin at 2:00 pm and last two hours, during which time 15 well-prepared contestants will deliver their speeches.

(2) 我们将会在上午八点出发，九点到达那里。

We will start at 8:00 am and arrive there at 9:00.

(3) 下午，我们会一起……

During the afternoon, we’ll...together.

(4) 记得带上水和午餐。

Remember to take water and lunch with you.

(5) 顺便说一下，你可以乘坐322路公交车，它会直接把你带到俱乐部。

By the way, you may take Bus No. 322 and it will take you directly to the club.

(6) 我知道你的母语是英语，还是一名英语老师。我代表我们学校真诚地邀请你来比赛现场。

I know you are a native speaker of English and an English teacher, and I, on behalf of our school, sincerely invite you to be part of the contest.

(7) 既然你如此渴望提高英语，这会是一个很好的机会。

Since you are so eager to improve your English, it will prove to be a great chance.

(8) 我保证你在那里会过得很愉快。

I’m sure that you will enjoy yourself there.

第三部分：提出建议

套语：

我建议……

I’d like to suggest that…

May I suggest that…?

In my opinion…

I would like to make a recommendation that…

I am writing to advise…

If I were you, I would…

第四部分：希望采纳建议，并表示谢意，盼望回复

套语：

(1) 对你就此事的关注不胜感激。

Thank you for your attention.

(2) 请仔细考虑我的建议，谢谢。

Please take good consideration of my advice. Thanks.

【写作模板】

Dear________,

You have asked me for my advice with regard to________________, and I will try to make some conducive suggestions here.

In my opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions: ________________(建议的内容).

I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.

Good luck with your________________(祝愿).

Yours Sincerely,

Li Hua

(2017·北京)你的英国朋友Jim所在的学校要组织学生来中国旅行，有两条线路可以选择：＂长江之行＂或者＂泰山之旅＂。Jim来信希望你能给些建议。请你给他回信，内容包括：

1. 你建议的线路；

2. 你的理由；

3. 你的祝愿。

注意：1. 词数不少于50；

2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Jim,

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

【写作思路】

本文为提纲类作文。首先，学生要仔细阅读提示，弄清试题提供的所有信息，明确有哪些要点。其次，要注意提纲是文章的总体框架，要在提纲的范围内进行分析、构思和想象。要依据提示情景或词语，按照一定逻辑关系来写。最后，要根据要表达的内容确定句子的时态、语态；语言表达要符合英语习惯。本文是一封信，按照内容要求可以确定文章的框架结构，三段式，其中第一段写你所建议的路线，第二部分是本文的主体，要阐述你所建议的路线的原因，好让他们有很好的掌握，最后一段，提出你的祝愿。写作时要注意准确运用时态、语态、上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。根据句意适当使用并列连词，同时也要合理运用高级词汇和高级句子为文章增色添彩。

【参考范文】

Dear Jim,

I’m happy to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China.

Of the two trips to the Yangtze River and Mount Tai, both are highly recommended. Personally, I prefer the tour along the Yangtze, the longest river and one of the mother rivers of Chinese civilization. You can learn a lot about the history of China and Chinese people. Moreover, the scenery along the river is amazing, with many well-known sightseeing spots. That’s why I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better choice.

Hope you’ll have a good time in China.

Yours,

Li Hua

【亮点说明】

本文内容齐全，结构严谨，层次分明，布局合理，语言精练，同时运用高级句子。表语从句的使用：That’s why I think the trip along the Yangtze will be a better choice.；高级词汇的使用：highly recommended；连接词的合理使用：Personally，moreover。

假如你叫李明，你有一位来自英国的朋友Mike。他与父母一道来到了中国。初来乍到，他发现自己在家时所学的汉语根本就不够用。因此，他给你发来一封电子邮件，向你请教如何提高汉语听说能力。请根据下面的提示，给他回一封邮件。邮件的内容包含如下要点：

1. 邮件已收到，理解他所遇到的问题；

2. 提出如下建议：在课内课外要多说汉语，应尽可能用汉语与同学交流，不要担心犯错误；在家看电视时，多注意节目主持人(presenter)的发音，以便提高听力水平；

3. 祝愿他学习取得进步。

_________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【审题谋篇】

体裁

电子邮件

话题

提出建议

时态

一般现在时

人称

第一、二人称

【参考范文】

Dear Mike,

I have received your email and I understand your problem.

Here is my advice for improving your Chinese.Firstly, speak Chinese more, both in and out of class. Try your best to communicate with your classmates in Chinese. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes because making mistakes is quite natural. I think the more you speak, the better your Chinese will be. Secondly, in order to improve your listening, you should pay more attention to TV presenters when watching TV at home. I’m sure you will make great progress with time going on.

In conclusion, I wish you every success with your studies.

Yours,

Li Ming

Lesson 8 构词法

【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下

在英语中，词的构成方法主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。

一、合成

合成词是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方式(有的合成词写在一起，有的中间需加连字符，有的是分开写的两个)。合成词的词义可以根据各个组成部分的意思加以推断。构成合成词的几个词可以是词性相同的词，也可以是词性不同的词。高中阶段常见的合成形式有：

合成名词

notebook 笔记本 classroom 教室

blackboard 黑板 teamwork 协力

second language第二语言

合成形容词

lifelong 毕生的 secondhand 二手的

manmade 人工的 widespread 广泛的

合成动词

underline 画线标出 whitewash 粉饰

broadcast 广播 download 下载

二、转化

不增加任何成分，不改变词形，把一个单词由一种词性转化为另外一种词性的构词法叫转化法。高中阶段常见的转化形式有：

名词→动词

button纽扣→button扣上纽扣

形容词→动词

correct正确的→correct改正

动词→名词

feed喂养→feed一餐；一顿

形容词→名词

native本地的→native本地人

副词→动词

up在上面→up提高

三、派生

派生，是英语主要的构词法。这方法是借前缀或后缀之助，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。前缀以否定前缀-im/-is等为主，使延伸出来的派生词变成反义词。

(一)形容词加ly变为副词的规律：

1. 一般情况加ly。

real→really careful→carefully

polite→politely quick→quickly

2. (1)＂辅音字母加y＂结尾的，当y的发音为[i]时，变y为i，再加ly。

angry→angrily busy→busily

heavy→heavily

(2)当y的发音为[ai]时，直接加ly。

shy→shyly dry→dryly

3. (1)以辅音字母加le结尾的形容词变副词时，去掉e加y。

probable→probably gentle→gently

(2)以元音字母加le结尾时加ly。但whole→wholly例外。

sole→solely

4. 以元音字母加e结尾的形容词变副词，去掉e加ly。

true→truly。

【特别注意】

有的名词加ly变为形容词，如：friend→friendly；love→lovely；month→monthly。

(二)动词/名词变形容词的后缀及例词：

后缀

例词

able

accept→acceptable 可接受的

comfort→comfortable 舒适的

music→musical 音乐的

origin→original 最初的

ful

forget→forgetful 健忘的

peace→peaceful 和平的

ive

effect→effective 有效的，生效的

attract→attractive 有吸引力的

some

tire→tiresome 令人厌倦的

trouble→troublesome 麻烦的

health→healthy 健康的

wealth→wealthy 富裕的

ern

east→eastern 东方的；向东的

west→western 西方的；向西的

ish

fool→foolish 愚蠢的；可笑的

self→selfish 自私的

ary

imagine→imaginary 想象中的

second→secondary第二的；次要的

(三)动词变名词的后缀及例词

后缀

例词

ance

ence

perform→performance 表演；节目

exist→existence 存在；生存

ion

tion

ition

ation

attract→attraction 吸引

introduce→introduction 介绍

compete→competition 比赛；竞争

expect→expectation 期待；期望

ion

sion

discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论

decide→decision 决定

ing

hear→hearing 听力，听觉

begin→beginning 开始

ment

achieve→achievement 功绩，成就

argue→argument 辩论，论据

treat→treatment 对待，治疗

ure

fail→failure 失败，没做到

depart→departure 离开，出发；

press→pressure 压力

recover→recovery 恢复；痊愈

discover→discovery 发现

(四)形容词变名词的后缀及例词

后缀

例词

age

short→shortage 不足；短缺

fluent→fluency 流利；流畅

accurate→accuracy 准确性

dom

free→freedom 自由；自在

wise→wisdom 明智；智慧

ness

kind→kindness 仁慈；好意

careless→carelessness 粗心大意

grow→growth 成长；发展

strong→strength 力气；强项

ity

ability

ibility

difficult→difficulty 困难

cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴

real→reality 现实；真实

disable→disability 无能；伤残

responsible→responsibility 责任

(五)常表示人的后缀及例词

后缀

例词

teach→teacher 老师

village→villager 村民

strange→stranger 陌生人

lie→liar 说谎者

beg→beggar 乞丐

employ→employee 受雇者；雇员

interview→interviewee 被面试者

act→actor 男演员

educate→educator 教育家；教师

ess

act→actress 女演员

god→goddess 女神

host→hostess 女主人；女主持人

ese

China→Chinese 中国人

Japan→Japanese 日本人

ian

music→musician 音乐家

history→historian 历史学家

politics→politician 政治家；政客

ist

novel→novelist 小说家

special→specialist 专家

tour→tourist 旅行者；观光者

ant

serve→servant 仆人

participate→participant 参加者

assist→assistant 助手；图书管理员

(六)表示否定或相反意义的前缀、后缀及例词

前/后缀

例词

前缀

dis

agree→disagree 不同意

advantage→disadvantage 缺点

legal→illegal 不合法的

logical→illogical 不合逻辑的

polite→impolite 无礼的

patient→impatient 不耐烦的

formal→informal 非正式的

convenient→inconvenient 不方便的

regular→irregular 不规则的

responsible→irresponsible 不负责任的

mis

lead→mislead 误导

understand→misunderstand 误解

non

nonsmoker 不吸烟者

nonstop 直达的

usual→unusual 不寻常的

willing→unwilling 不愿意的

后缀

less

hope→hopeless 绝望的

end→endless 没完没了的

(七)构成动词的前缀、后缀及例词

前/后缀

例词

前缀

able→enable 使能够

large→enlarge 扩大

rich→enrich 使充实

后缀

broad→broaden (使)变宽；ripe→ripen (使)成熟

sharp→sharpen 使尖锐；wide→widen 加宽

ify

class→classify 把……分类

just→justify 证明……正确

simple→simplify 简化

ize

apology→apologize 道歉

emphasis→emphasize 强调

【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行

1. This kind of modern machine is a ________________(new, invent)machine.

2. He couldn’t afford a completely new car, so he had to get a ________________(hand) one.

3. She has ever spent three years staying in an ________________(English, speak) country, so her ________________(speak) English is very fluent.

4. You should make sure that ________________(every) should attend the meeting on time.

5. The cleaner should ________________(clear) the heavy snow in the street to make the traffic smooth.

6. Father looked at the result of his son’s examination with ________________(satisfy).

7. We are all impressed with his ________________(brave)and ________________(devote).

8. Even though they are poor, their ________________(honest) and ________________ (optimistic)have left us a deep impression.

9. ________________(music)from all over the world will attend this music feast.

10. To tell the ________________(true), none of us will agree to the rule.

I. 单句语法填空

1. People can see many _________(beauty) flowers in bloom in spring.

2. Influenced by him, they performed _______(count) good deeds.

3. He spoiled my ________(enjoy) of the film by talking all the time.

4. It was totally __________(understand) that you stayed home when you were sick.

5. We need to find a ______ (solve) to the problem as soon as possible.

6. He always talks in such a rude way that everyone _____(like) him.

7. We’re going to change our suppliers as they became very _____(rely) last year.

8. Her dress is too long. She must have it ________(short).

9. Detroit is famous for the _________(product) of cars.

10. He was injured in the first game and ______(luck) missed the final.

II. 用所给词组成合成词完成句子

A: part, long, passer, film, short, well, cold, baby, get, low

B: by, known, time, maker, wave, sitter, term, together, lying, blooded

1. It is a good idea to start a __________ job to make extra money.

2. It is enough to use a __________ radio to pick up the programme.

3. Walt Disney, the great __________, was born in Chicago.

4. The Dead Sea is very __________, at around 420 metres below sea level.

5. We are having a little __________ to celebrate his birthday.

6. They often perform in the streets for the __________.

7. I am sure you will be __________.

8. __________ use of fertilizers can cause damage to land or people.

9. The snake is a ___________ creature, and it hibernates in winter.

10. Please help me find a _________ to look after my son this afternoon.

Ⅲ. 用所给单词的适当形式填空

Young people often have 1 (difficult) selecting the right kind of job. However ,for Susan THOMAS, the second woman to rise 2 (successful)through the ranks to become Chief Constable, it was ___3___ (possible) to consider doing anything else. Her 4 （educate）was different. She changed school 1time! But it made her have the 5 (able) to adapt (适应)to different situations.

After university, she joined in a police promotion(晋升)program. She realized later what a great ___6___ (achieve) it was to pass the exam. Before the exam, she received some training. The training was ___7___ (exhaust). The job itself is harder than most people imagine. Susan works ten hours a day. But she is convinced that her 8 (choose) of career is the right one.

I. 完形填空

I used to travel to make myself relaxed. Two years ago, I was rather busy with my business and under a lot of 1 , so I went to Las Vegas for a holiday. I just wanted to get away and 2 for a while.

When I was on holiday, a(n) 3 suddenly came to me. I had long wished to pay a visit to the Greek island of Santorini. Therefore, the idea of a two-week European 4 alone was born.

I’d driven 5 across the US before, but traveling to other 6 whose languages aren’t the same as mine 7 me. I was worried that I wouldn’t be able to 8 with anyone.

But I soon 9 that if I wanted to follow my dreams, I had to 10 out of my comfort area. If I let 11 take control of me, I’d get nowhere.

As I 12 for more places to visit on my trip, I found Mykonos, Greece, which I 13 just as much as I liked Santorini. When I arrived in 14 , it was like I was in a dream.

What I appreciated best was the bus ride to Venice. As I rode the bus and enjoyed every new thing I saw, I was completely 15 from the pressure of my work. How 16 it was to see people riding their bikes to the 17 they would like to go to!

Some people might say, “It’s not a big 18 ; it’s just Venice. Thousands of people go there every day.” But it was more than that to me. It was about having a 19 and when it was time for it to come true, don’t be afraid to let it 20 .

1．A．joy B．pressure C．loss D．pain

2．A．relax B．sleep C．work D．wait

3．A．invitation B．incident C．stranger D．idea

4．A．stay B．research C．vacation D．study

5．A．fast B．alone C．entirely D．together

6．A．cities B．parks C．countries D．companies

7．A．attracted B．frightened C．surprised D．interested

8．A．communicate B．play C．agree D．travel

9．A．selected B．responded C．realized D．suggested

10．A．look B．leave C．make D．step

11．A．fear B．pride C．anger D．courage

12．A．asked B．provided C．searched D．cared

13．A．explored B．visited C．doubted D．liked

14．A．Asia B．Africa C．America D．Europe

15．A．absent B．free C．different D．tired

16．A．peaceful B．generous C．hard D．nice

17．A．castles B．places C．situation D．homeland

18．A．deal B．reality C．order D．event

19．A．business B．future C．dream D．journey

20．A．explore B．go C．decrease D．Disappear

II. 书面表达

请根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。

众所周知，海洋对我们的日常生活具有重大的影响。但人类活动却在破坏着海洋的生态平衡。请根据以下要点说明人类应该如何保护海洋。

1. 阻止工厂向河流排放废水；

2. 不向河流乱扔垃圾；

3. 告知游客海洋的重要性。

要求：

1. 100词左右；

2. 不要逐条翻译；

3. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

I. 语法填空

1. (2017·新课标全国卷I)However, be (care) not to go to extremes.

2. (2017·新课标全国卷II)Steam engines were used(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been ____________(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

3. (2017·浙江)This development was only possible with the (1) (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most (2) (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.

4. (2017·新课标全国卷III)She is determined to carry on with her (educate).

5. (2017·新课标全国卷III)It is (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.

6. (2016·新课标全国卷I) But for tourists like me, pandas are its top ___________(attract).

7. (2016·新课标全国卷I) The title will be ___________ (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.

8. (2016·新课标全国卷II) Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of ___________ (achieve).

9. (2016·新课标全国卷II) Recent _____ (1)_____ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks _____(2)_____ (regular).

10. (2016·新课标全国卷II) Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which ___________ (gradual) turned into chopsticks.

11. (2016·新课标全国卷III)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ____ (1)_____ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the ____ (2)_____ (develop) of chopsticks.

12. (2016·上海) Do you find yourself getting impatient or ___________ (annoy) with people over unimportant things?

13. (2016·四川) Chinese scientists ___________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.

14. (2016·四川) Any smell might attract natural ___________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little comforting pats.

15. (2015·新课标全国卷II) In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ____ (1)_____ (able) to ＂air condition＂ a house without ____ (2)_____ (use) electric equipment.

16. (2015·新课标全国卷II) Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat ___________ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.

17. (2015·新课标全国卷II) As (1) (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ____(2)____ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

18. (2015·广东) ___________ (lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.

19. (2014·新课标全国卷I) The river was so polluted that it ___________ (actual)caught fire and burned.

20. (2014·新课标全国卷II) Just be ___________ (patience).

21. (2014·新课标全国卷II) There were many people waiting at the bus stop, (1) some of them looked very anxious and (2) (disappoint).

22. (2014·新课标全国卷II) Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers ___________ (sudden) became friendly to one another.

23. (2014·辽宁) My legs become ___________ (pain).

II. 单句改错

1. (2017·新课标全国卷III)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the late music albums.

____________________________________________________________________________

2. (2017·新课标全国卷I)In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.

____________________________________________________________________________

3. (2017·新课标全国卷I)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.

____________________________________________________________________________

4. (2017·新课标全国卷II)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day. In their spare time, they are interesting in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.

____________________________________________________________________________

5. (2016·新课标全国卷I) My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.

____________________________________________________________________________

6. (2016·新课标全国卷I) Instead, he hopes that our business will grow steady.

____________________________________________________________________________

7. (2016·新课标全国卷III) The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.

____________________________________________________________________________

8. (2016·新课标全国卷III) At one time, I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.

____________________________________________________________________________

9. (2016·四川) Mom was grateful and moving.

____________________________________________________________________________

10. (2016·浙江)When I was a very young children, my father created a regular practice I remember well years late.

____________________________________________________________________________

11. (2016·浙江) It was both excited and frightening to be up there!

____________________________________________________________________________

12. (2016·四川) Mom has a full-time job,so she has to do most of the houseworks.

____________________________________________________________________________

13. (2015·陕西) I wanted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.

____________________________________________________________________________

14. (2015·陕西) Mum taught me some basic step of baking.

____________________________________________________________________________

15. (2015·四川) As I tell you last time, I made three new friend here.

____________________________________________________________________________

16. (2015·浙江) On the left-hand side of the class, I could easy see the football field.

____________________________________________________________________________

如何写地点介绍类说明文

1. 描写某地的景色或景观时，一般要遵循的原则是：从总体到局部，从外到内。

2. 这类文章一般包括三段：开头是总体介绍，引出主题；中间是正文，具体介绍此地的特色，如著名的建筑、风景名胜等；第三部分是结尾。

3. 描写某地的短文属于说明文体，要弄清时间的立足点是＂过去＂、＂现在＂，还是＂将来＂。

4. 表达方式要有所变化，景物描写用词容易重复、单调，因此写作时应选用不同的句式和表达方式来描述事物，使表达方式多样化。

【常用表达】

1. 位置（location）

be located/situated in/on/at/to; lie in/on/at/to

in the center of; in/to/on the east of

2. 面积(area)

cover/have an area of…; with an area of …

It is …long/wide (from east to west).

3. 气候(climate)

The climate varies/is different from place to place

neither too hot nor too cold

4. 交通(transportation)

It is very convenient for…

The best /nearest way to … is…

It takes…to take a taxi/bus/walk from … to …

5. 人口(population)

have/with a (large) population (of…)

The population of…is…

…percent of the population are…

6. 历史(history)

have/with a history of…years

date from/ date back to

7. 资源(resources)

be rich/wealthy in; with abundant resources

be famous/well-known for/as…

mainly produce…

The main agricultural products are…

8. 景色(scenery)

is known as/ is famous for/is home to

places of interest

scenic spots

9. 特色(character)

The place is famous for…

The special character of the place is…

Something special in the place is…

请根据以下提示写一篇短文，介绍Australia，内容包括以下几点：

1. 位置：太平洋的西侧；

2. 面积：760万平方公里；

3. 人口：1,000多万，多数人住在东部沿海地区；

4. 首都：堪培拉(Canberra)，风景秀丽；

5. 名胜：悉尼歌剧院世界闻名。

【参考范文】

Australia lies on the west of the Pacific. It covers an area of 7.6 million square kilometers. It has a small population of over 10 million. Most of them live in the east of the country by the sea. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is a beautiful city. Sydney is one of the biggest cities in Australia. It has many places of interest. The Sydney Opera House is famous throughout the world.

假如你是李华，大运会即将在深圳举行。你作为一名大运会志愿者，向来访的外国游客介绍深圳——我国一个重要的东南沿海城市，位于广东省南部，人口超过一千万。

城市

深圳

旅游

中国著名的旅游胜地之一，有很多旅游景点，其中著名的有欢乐谷、世界之窗、小梅沙等

气候

四季如春，气候宜人

经济

经济特区，发展迅速

体育

深圳人热爱体育，曾当选为2011年大运会举办城市

注意：

1. 词数100左右；

2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考词汇：欢乐谷 Happy Valley 世界之窗 Window of the World 小梅沙 Xiao Mei Sha

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 9 过去分词作定语和表语

【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下

Ⅰ．定语

作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况。

1．前置定语

单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。由及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或只具有“被动”含义；由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，只表“完成”含义。

（1）被动和完成含义：

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions．

我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。

（2）被动含义：

She is a respected teacher．她是一位受人尊敬的老师。

（3）完成含义：

They are cleaning the fallen leaves in the yard．

他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。

2．后置定语

过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。

This will be the best novel of its kind ever written (＝that has ever been written)．

这将是这类小说中写得最好的。

Who were the socalled guests invited (＝who had been invited) to your party last night？

昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀？

Yesterday I bought a book published by Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press．

昨天我买了一本外语教学与研究出版社出版的书。

【拓展延伸1】

(1)过去分词如果表示一种强烈的动作含义，单独使用也可以放在名词的后面。

The experience gained will be of great value to us．

取得的经验对我们很有价值。

By the end of the year，the total money collected had come to 92 million dollars，

all of which were sent to Africa．

到年底为止，筹集到的全部资金达到了9,200多万元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。

(2)由过去分词构成的合成词也可作定语。

The air-conditioned rooms are very comfortable in hot summer．

在炎热的夏天，装空调的房间非常舒服。

The newly-built building is our office building．

这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。

(3)过去分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

The funds (which/that have been) raised are mainly used for helping the homeless．

筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。

This book，(which is)written in simple English，is suitable for beginners to read．

这本书是使用浅显的英文写的，适合初学者阅读。

The concert (which/that was) given by their friends was a success．

他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。

The meeting，(which was) attended by over five thousand people，welcomed the

great hero．

他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。

(4)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽

不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。

The boy looked up with a pleased expression．那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。

He spoke with a frightened look．他说话时显得非常恐惧。

【拓展延伸2】

(1)动名词作定语，说明所修饰的名词的用途。

☞No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room．阅览室里不准大声说话。

There is a swimming pool in our school．我们学校有一个游泳池。

(2)现在分词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前面；现在分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。

He is a promising young man．他是一个很有前途的青年。

Do you know the woman(who is)sitting at the end of the room？

你认识坐在房间后面的那位妇女吗？

We must keep a secret of the things (which/that are) being discussed now．

对于现在所讨论的事情，我们必须保守秘密。

(3)不定式作定语，位于所修饰的词后，通常表示将来发生的动作。当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能采用不定式作后置定语。此外，作定语的不定式与所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的“主谓”、“动宾”或“同位”三种关系。如果作定语的不定式为不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。

Our monitor is the first to arrive．我们的班长是第一个到达的人。(主谓关系)

The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is of great importance．

明天会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(动宾关系)

I have a lot of work to do．我有许多事要做。(动宾关系)

Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．

他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们吃惊。(同位关系)

They have no happiness to speak of．他们没有什么幸福可言。

Ⅱ．表语

过去分词作表语，通常表示主语所处的一种状态。

His colleagues were surprised at his absurd behaviour．同事们对他那荒诞的行为感到吃惊。

The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains．这座城市三面环山。

The door remained locked．门仍然锁着。

She looked disappointed．她看上去很失望。

【拓展延伸3】

(1)动名词作表语，解释或说明主语的内容。此时，主语与表语位置通常可以互换。

Our duty is serving the people heart and soul．

我们的职责是全心全意地为人民服务。

What they are worried about is being left behind．

他们所担心的是别被落在后面。

(2)现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质，特征或属性；此时，现在分词与主语(往往

是物)构成逻辑上的主谓关系，译作“令/使人……的”。

The news was exciting and we were all excited．

消息令人兴奋，我们都很激动。

He remained standing beside the table．他依然站在桌旁。

(3)不定式作表语，一般紧跟在系动词be，seem，remain，appear，get的后面，用来说明或解释主语的内容。当主语为名词dream，business，wish，idea，plan，job，work，task，duty时，表语通常采用不定式，不用动名词。此时，不定式通常强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。

The aim is not just to keep busy．其目的不仅是为了使每个人不闲着。

He appears to want to leave．他看来要走。

【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行

1.（2017·北京）Jim has retired, but he still remember the happy time _______ with his students.

A. to spend B. spend C. spending D. spent

2.（2016·浙江）To return to the problem of water pollution, I’d like you to look at a study _________in Australia in 2012.

A.having conducted B.to be conducted C.conducting D.conducted

3.（2016·江苏）In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message ________within the work.

A.to hide B. hidden C. hiding D. being hidden

4. (2014·福建) For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ________.

A. connected B. connecting C. to connect D. to be connected

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．The witnesses ________(question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.

2．The room is empty except for a bookshelf______________(stand) in one corner.

3．The cars ________(sell) at the market now are made in Shanghai.

4．The airport ________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.

5．Most of the people ________(invite) to the school were from Beijing.

6．The news was __________ and they were all __________at it.(excite)

7．We all felt __________ at the __________ news.(encourage)

8．－Was it George who telephoned?

－No.A man________(call)himself Peter.

9．The new books________(print)in the factory these days are mainly intended for children.

10．The young man，________(tire)of working for others，is determined to start his own firm.

Ⅱ.单句改错

1．Those are the problems leaving over by history.

________________________________________________________________

2．He didn't turn up at the held meeting yesterday.

________________________________________________________________

3．He seemed quite delighting at the news.

________________________________________________________________

4．His words are discouraged，which made many people discouraging.

________________________________________________________________

Ⅲ. 单项选择

1. Professor Li ________ for his informative lecture, was warmly received by the students.

A. known B. knowing

C. having known D. to be known

2. The Lifelong Learning Programme to enable people to take part in learning experiences has taken off

across Europe.

A. having been designed B. being designed

C. designed D. designing

3. Look! Here’ s a photo ______ in my classroom at primary school. Can you recognize me in it?

A. taken B. taking

C. to take D. being taken

4. Several of us were asked to attend the meeting, as ________ below.

A. listed B. listing

C. to be listed D. having listed

5. The song _____ by Gao Xiaosong is popular with young people.

A. writing B. written

C. to write D. wrote

6. It is said that listening to music makes a person feel__________ when he is tired.

A. relaxing B. relaxed

C. relax D. relaxes

Writing：如何写劝说性书信

劝说信是我们在日常工作和生活中常用的一种书信形式，它以书信的形式劝说收信人接受或放弃某一想法、观点、提议或行动，有时还提出自己的建议并让对方采取进一步的行动。在写此类信件的时候应注意以下几点：

1.话题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水；

2.观点必须鲜明，不能模棱两可；

3.论据要条理清楚，语言应准确、精炼；

4.主体时态多用一般现在时；

5.尽量避免同一单词、句型的重复使用，多采用同义词、相似结构以使表达多样化。

1．I'm writing to persuade you to...我写信是要劝你……

2．I am writing to express my views concerning...我写信来是要表达我有关……的看法

3．If were you，I would...如果我是你，我会……

4．It seems to me that you could...我认为你可以……

5．First of all，I think it would be better if...首先，我想如果……，可能会更好。

6．I think it would be more beneficial if you could...我想如果你能……，可能会更有利。

7．I believe you will take my advice into account.我相信你会考虑我的建议的。

8．I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions/recommendations practical/useful/helpful.

我希望你会觉得这些建议/意见/提议实用/有用/有帮助。

9．I will be more than happy to see improvements in this aspect.

如果这方面有所改善我会非常开心的。

10．I will be ready for further discussing this matter into details.

我时刻准备着就此事进行更详尽的讨论。

假设你是李萍，你的笔友王强最近沉迷于电脑游戏而不能自拔，严重影响了学习和身心健康。请你给他写一封信劝说他戒掉这一不良习惯，并对他的学习生活给出自己的建议。词数100左右。

【审题谋篇】

第一步　明确要求

该写作属于应用文类的书信，故要用第一人称来写；信的主题内容是劝说王强戒掉网瘾，故用一般将来时，同时兼顾书信的特点，会用到表达愿望的情态动词。

第二步　确定段落

Para.1　作者首先要陈述自己的担忧

Para.2　指出沉迷于电脑游戏的危害

Para.3　表达作者的希望并提出建议

【词汇热身】

1.上瘾 2.首先

3.另外 4.暴力

5.摆脱 6.开阔眼界

7.对……有害

【句式升级】

1.虽然人们普遍认为电脑游戏有趣而且能激发我们的想象力，但如果不加以节制，他们会在许多方面对你造成危害。

(一般表达)Many people believe that computer games are interesting and can inspire our imagination，but if you play them freely/uncontrolled，they will do harm to you in many ways.

(句式升级)Although it’s generally believed that computer games are interesting and can inspire our imagination，yet if you abuse them，they will be harmful to you in many ways.

2.首先，你应该把时间用在学习或一些有益的事情上，而不应该浪费在游戏上。

(一般表达)First，you should spend your time on your study or other useful things and you shouldn’t waste it on computer games.

(句式升级) To begin with ，computer games will waste too much valuable time should be spent on your study or other which things.

3.更糟糕的是，一些游戏充满暴力，这对你的心理健康会造成危害。

(一般句式)The worst thing is that there is much violence in the games and it will be bad for your mental health.

(句式升级) Worse still ，some games full of violence will be harmful to your mental health.

4.为了有意义的生活，你可以多锻炼以强身健体，也可多读些好书或参加一些社会活动来开阔你的眼界。

(一般表达)In order to live a meaningful life，you can take more exercise to build you up，read more good books or participate in some social activities to broaden your horizons.

(句式升级)In order to live a meaningful life，you can broaden your horizons by reading more good books or participating in some social activities as well as build you up by taking more exercise.

【参考范文】

Dear Wang Qiang，

I felt worried when I heard that you are addicted to computer games. Although it’s generally believed that computer games are interesting and can inspire our imagination，yet if you abuse them，they will be harmful to you in many ways.

To begin with，they will waste too much valuable time which should be spent on your study or other beneficial things. In addition，playing games for a long time will do harm to your health，especially to your eyes. Worse still，some games are full of violence，which will be harmful to your mental health.

Therefore，I strongly hope that you can break away from them. The earlier，the better. In order to live a meaningful life，you can broaden your horizons by reading more good books or participating in some social activities as well as build you up by taking more exercise.

Looking forward to your good news.

Yours，

Li Ping

Lesson 10过去分词作宾语补足语

【知识梳理】---千里之行始于足下

过去分词作补语，表示“被动和完成”含义，或仅仅表示“状态”。

1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，feel，notice，think等)

I have never heard the song sung in my school. 我从未听过这首歌在我们学校唱过。

He watched the TV set carried out of the room. 他看到电视机被搬到屋子外面了。

2. 表示“使役”意义的动词(have，make，get，keep，leave等)

I had my leg broken in the football game. 我的腿在足球赛中摔坏了。

The reporters keep us informed of the results of the games. 记者不断地告知我们比赛结果。

3. 表示“希望”、“要求”意义的动词(like，order，want，wish，expect等后用过去分词或在过去分词前＋to be)

Everyone wishes the matter(to be) settled as soon as possible.

人人都希望这件事情尽快解决。

I want my house(to be)completed before the national day.

我想让我的房子在国庆节前完工。

【拓展延伸】

(1)现在分词作补足语

由延续性动词转化而来的现在分词作补足语，表示过程的一部分；而由瞬间性动词转化而来的现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作的反复。

I heard her singing when I passed by her room.

我路过她房间时，听到她正在唱歌。(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)

I found the topic being discussed everywhere then.

那时我发现人们在到处谈论这个话题。(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的承受者)

Are you listening to them quarrelling？

你在听他们吵架吗？(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)

His remarks set me thinking.

他的话引起了我的深思。 (动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)

The explosion sent us running in all directions.

那次爆炸把我们吓得东奔西逃。 (动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)

(2)不定式作补语

①不定式作补语，表示动作的全过程或者是动作已经结束。

Did you notice him leave the house？你看到他离开房间了吗？

I heard her say so. 我听见她是这么说的。

②某些动词短语后面接不定式作宾语补足语。此类短语有：call on，rely on，depend on，wait for，long for，vote for等。

You can depend on her to be late. 可以担保她必定迟到。

We are longing for the holiday to come. 我们渴望着假日的到来。

③动词think，consider，believe，find，feel，know，guess，prove，suppose，imagine等词后面，常接“to be＋形容词(名词或反身代词)”结构。

He’s thought to be one of the richest men in Europe.

人们认为他是欧洲最大的富翁之一。

Imagine yourself(to be)rich and famous. 想象一下你又有钱，又有名的情况。

【课后训练】---纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行

1.（2018·天津）I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph _________.

A. taking B. taken

C. being taken D. take

2.（2015·陕西）Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother_____

good care of at home.

A. taking B. taken

C. take D. be taken

3. (2015·浙江) Listening to music at home is one thing，going to hear it _____________ live is quite another.

A. perform B. performing

C. to perform D. being performed

4. (2014·四川) The manager was satisfied to see many new products after great effort.

A. having developed B. to develop

C. developed D. develop

Ⅰ. 用所给动词的正确形式填空

1. The master ordered the dinner (serve) at once.

2. We saw the thief (catch) by the police.

3. He lay in bed with his head (cover).

4. The teacher had the lazy boy (stand) outside the classroom the whole morning.

5. Don’t leave the water (run) while you brush your teeth.

6. He had his leg (break) in the match yesterday.

7. They managed to make themselves (understand) in very simple English.

8.When I came back to my hometown ten years later，I found it completely (change).

9. Before driving into the city，you are required to get your car (wash).

10. The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog (follow) them.

11. I looked up and noticed a snake (wind) its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.

12. Claire had her luggage (check) an hour before her plane left.

Ⅱ. 单项填空

1. The living room is clean and tidy，with a dining table already________for a meal to be cooked.

A. laid B. laying

C. to lay D. being laid

2. Alexander tried to get his work________in the medical circles.

A. to recognize B. recognizing

C. recognize D. recognized

3. Helen had to shout above the sound of the music ________.

A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear

C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard

4. A heavy sandstorm is going to envelop our city. It is unwise to have your car .

A. wash B. washed

C. washing D. to wash

5. Nowadays, more and more Chinese homes have the technology and equipment ______ to do online shopping.

A. needed B. needing

C. need D. to need

6. ––My car is making a really strange noise.

––You’d better get it ______ before you drive to Denver.

A. looking at B. looked at

C. to look at D. being looked at

7. Mother was upset that her son went out to play games, leaving his homework ________.

A. done B. doing

C. undone D. do

8. When the teacher woke up in hospital, she found herself her students and was moved to tears.

A. was surrounded by B. surrounding

C. surrounded by D. surround

9. They kept their eyes ________ upon the screen as an exciting football match was televised live.

A. fixing B. to be fixed

C. to fix D. fixed

10. When his wife returned, the husband noticed her hair ________ short.

A. cutting B. to be cut C. being cut D. cut

11. With all the money ________， the man can’t afford a ticket.

A. stealed B. stolen C. stealing D. be stolen

12. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word ________.

A. speaking B. speak C. spoken D. to speak

13. To their great fear, they found ________ in the heaviest snowfall they had ever had.

A. they were catching B. themselves caught

C. they had caught D. themselves catching

14. Mrs.Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had________went wrong again.

A. it B. it repaired

C. repaired D. to be repaired

15. I have had my bike________，and I’m going to have somebody________my radio tomorrow.

A. repair；to repair B. repairing；to be repaired

C. repaired；repair D. to repair；repairing

高一课程讲解,高一期末复习资料下载

高一地理讲义（细）

【第一章宇宙中的地球】
1、天体系统的级别：总星系——银河系（河外星系）——太阳系——地月系
2、地球上生命存在的条件：①稳定的太阳光照条件②比较安全的宇宙环境③因为日地距离适中，地表温度适宜（平均气温为15度）④因为地球的质量和体积适中，地球能吸引大气形成大气层（氮、氧为主）⑤形成并存在液态水
3、太阳活动对地球的影响：
（1）太阳活动的标志：黑子、耀斑
（2）影响：影响电离层，干扰无线电短波通讯；产生“磁暴”现象和“极光”现象；影响地球气候。
4、地球自转的地理意义：
①昼夜交替：昼半球和夜半球的分界线——晨昏线（圈）——与赤道的交点的时间分别是6时和18时——太阳高度是0度——晨昏圈所在的平面与太阳光线垂直；
②地方时差：东早西晚，经度每隔15度相差1小时。
③沿地表水平运动物体的偏移：赤道上不偏，北半球右偏、南半球左偏。偏向力随纬度的增大而增大。
5、地球公转的地理意义：
（1）昼夜长短的变化：
①北半球夏半年，太阳直射北半球，北半球各纬度昼长夜短，纬度越高，昼越长夜越短。夏至日——北半球各纬度的昼长达到一年中的最大值，北极圈及其以北的地区，出现极昼现象。②北半球冬半年，太阳直射南半球，北半球各纬度夜长昼短，纬度越高，夜越长昼越短。冬至日——北半球各纬度的昼长达到一年中的最小值，北极圈及其以北的地区，出现极夜现象。③春分日和秋分日，太阳直射赤道，全球各地昼夜等长，各为12小时。
④赤道全年昼夜平分。南半球的情况与北半球的相反。
（2）正午太阳高度的变化：
同一时刻，正午太阳高度由太阳直射点向南北两侧递减，夏至日，太阳直射北回归线，正午太阳高度由北回归线向南北两侧递减，此时北回归线及其以北各纬度达到一年中的最大值，南半球各纬度达最小值。冬至日，太阳直射南回归线，正午太阳高度由南回归线向南北两侧递减，此时南回归线及其以南各纬度达到一年中的最大值，北半球各纬度达最小值。春分日和秋分日，太阳直射赤道，正午太阳高度自赤道向两极递减。
（3）四季的变化（昼夜长短和正午太阳高度随着季节而变化，使太阳辐射具有季节变化的规律，形成了四季）北半球季节的划分：3、4、5月为春季，6、7、8为夏季，9、10、11为秋季，12、1、2为冬季。
6、地球的圈层结构以地表为界分为内部圈层和外部圈层。
（1）地球内部的圈层根据地震波（纵波、横波）的特点划分为地壳、地幔、地核三个圈层。地壳物质主要由岩石（岩浆岩、沉积岩、变质岩）组成，上地幔的软流层是岩浆的源地，地核主要由铁镍物质组成。
（2）外部圈层：大气圈、水圈和生物圈。
【第二章自然地理环境中的物质运动和能量交换】
1、岩石分三大类：①岩浆岩（岩浆上升冷却凝固而成）②沉积岩（岩石在外力的风化、侵蚀、搬运、堆积、固结成岩作用下形成）③变质岩（变质作用）。从岩浆到形成各种岩石，三大类岩石可以相互转化，又到新岩浆的产生，这一运动变化过程，构成了地壳物质循环。
2、地表形态变化的内外力因素（地质作用）：
（1）内力作用——能量来自地球本身，主要是地球内部热能，它表现为地壳运动、岩浆活动、变质作用。造成地表高低不平。地质构造的类型有褶皱（背斜和向斜）和断层（地垒和地堑）。
（2）外力作用——能量来自地球外部，主要是太阳能和重力。使高低不平的地表趋向平坦。表现为风化、侵蚀、搬运、堆积、固结成岩作用。流水侵蚀地貌（V型谷）、堆积地貌（冲积扇、冲积平原和三角洲）；风蚀地貌（风蚀洼地、蘑菇）、风积地貌（沙丘）。
3、六大板块名称：亚欧板块、非洲板块、印度洋板块、太平洋板块、美洲板块、南极洲板块。一般说来，板块内部，地壳比较稳定，两个板块之间的交界处，是地壳比较活动的地带，火山、地震也多集中分布在板块的交界处。生长边界——板块张裂处，常形成裂谷、海洋。消亡边界——板块碰撞处，常形成山脉、海沟。
4、大气受热过程：太阳辐射（短波）、大气削弱、地面增温、地面辐射（长波）、大气增温、大气辐射（长波）、大气逆辐射（保温作用）
（1）大气对太阳辐射的削弱作用：①吸收作用：具有选择性，臭氧吸收紫外线，水汽和二氧化碳吸收红外线。对可见光吸收的很少。②反射作用：云层和颗粒较大的尘埃。云层的反射作用最显著。③散射作用：空气分子或微小尘埃，使一部分太阳辐射不能到达地面。
（2）大气对地面的保温作用：大气吸收地面辐射并产生大气逆辐射（射向地面的大气辐射），把部分热量归还给地面，云层越厚大气逆辐射越强。
5、全球近地面有7 个气压带（高低压相间分布），6 个风带。
（1）低纬度环流：
①赤道低压带：因为热力作用形成，气流辐合上升，易成云致雨，形成多雨带。常年受其控制形成热带雨林气候（亚马孙平原、刚果盆地、东南亚的马来群岛）
②副热带高压带：因为动力作用而形成，气流在30度纬度上空聚积而下沉，形成少雨带（东亚季风区除外），常年受其控制的地区形成热带沙漠气候（北非的撒哈拉水沙漠、西亚的沙漠、北美美国西部的沙漠、南美智利、秘鲁西部的沙漠、澳大利亚大沙漠）
③信风带：由副高吹向赤道低压的气流，在北半球右偏成东北信风，在南半球左偏成东南信风。
（2）中纬度环流：
④副极地低压带：由来自低纬的暖气流与来自高纬的冷气流相遇运动上升而形成。形成温带多雨带。
⑤中纬西风带：由副高吹向副极地低压带的气流，在北半球右偏成西南风，在南半球左偏成西北风，习惯上叫西风，受其常年控制的地区，在大陆西岸形成温带海洋性气候。（欧洲西部、北美西部如加拿大的温哥华附近、南美南端的安第斯山西侧、澳大利亚南端及塔斯马尼亚岛、新西兰等）
（3）高纬环流：
⑥极地高压带：因为热力作用而形成，冷空气下沉，形成少雨带。不过极地因为气温低，蒸发更少，所以极地属于降水量大于蒸发量的地区，为湿润地区。
⑦极地东风带：由极地高压带吹向副极地低压带的气流，在地转偏向力作用下，北半球右偏成东北风，南半球左偏成东南风。
（4）气压带和风带的移动：△移动的原因：随太阳直射点的移动而动。△移动方向：就北半球而言，大致是夏季北移，冬季南移。
（5）单一气压带或风带作用形成的气候类型：热带雨林气候（赤道低气压带）、热带沙漠气候（副热带高气压带）、温带海洋性气候（中纬西风带）。
（6）气压带、风带移动形成的气候类型：热带草原气候（夏季受赤道低气压带控制，冬季受低纬信风带控制）、地中海气候（夏季受副热带高气压带控制，冬季受中纬西风带控制）。
6、常见的天气系统：锋面系统（冷锋、暖锋、准静止锋）、气旋（低压）和反气旋（高压）、锋面气旋。气旋是低压，低压系统在实际大气中常会出现沿中心向一定方向延伸出的低压槽，在低压槽上形成了锋面系统。锋面与气旋是一个整体（高压系统是没有的）。
7、水循环
（1）类型：海陆间大循环（大循环）、陆地循环（水量很少）、海洋循环（水量最大）
（2）各环节的名称：蒸发、降水、水汽输送、地表径流、地下径流、下渗、植物蒸腾
（3）意义：它使陆地水不断得到补充、更新，使水资源得以再生；塑造地表形态；联系四大圈层。
8、洋流：
（1）类型：按成因分风海流、密度流、补偿流；按性质分暖流和寒流。
（2）分布：△中低纬度——以副热带为中心的大洋环流，北半球顺时针流动（与半球反气旋方向一致），南半球逆时针方向流动（与南半球反气旋方向一致）。△中高纬度（主要指北半球）——以副极地为中心的大洋环流。△南半球西风漂流，世界最强大的寒流。△北印度洋的季风洋流——夏季由西向东流，冬季由东向西流（夏顺冬逆）。
（3）影响：①对气候的影响：暖流起到增温、增湿作用（西欧海洋性气候的形成，得益于北大西洋暖流）；寒流起到降温、减湿作用（澳大利亚西海岸的维多利亚沙漠、秘鲁太平洋沿岸的阿塔卡马沙漠的形成都与沿岸的西澳大利亚寒流和秘鲁寒流有关）
②对海洋生物的影响——渔场的分布：寒暖流交汇处，给鱼类带来了丰富多样的饵料。
△北海道渔场——日本暖流与千岛寒流的交汇处。△纽芬兰渔场——拉布拉多寒流与墨西哥湾暖流的交汇处。△北海渔场——北大西洋暖流与高纬南下的冷海水交汇形成。△秘鲁渔场——上升补偿流使深层海水上泛，带来深海的硅酸盐类，使浮游生物大量繁殖，浮游生物又是鱼类的饵料。
③对海洋污染的影响：有利于污染物的扩散，加快净化速度；但也使污染物的范围扩大。
④对海洋运输事业的影响：顺流——航行速度快；逆流——航行速度慢。
【第三章地理环境的整体性和区域差异】
1、地理环境包括自然地理环境和人文地理环境。自然地理要素包括气候、水文、地貌、生物、土壤等要素。
（1）气候的变化使地球上的水圈、岩石圈、生物圈等圈层得以不断改造，生物对地理环境的作用，归根结底是由于绿色植物能够进行光合作用。
（2）生物在地理环境形成中的作用：联系有机界与无机界，促使化学元素迁移；改造大气圈，使原始大气逐渐演化为现在大气；改造水圈，影响水体成分；改造岩石圈，促进岩石的风化和土壤的形成，使地理环境发生了深刻的变化。
环境创造了生物，生物又创造了现在的环境。所以生物是地理环境的生物，同时又是地理环境的塑造者
（3）地理环境各要素相互联系、相互制约和相互渗透，构成了地理环境的整体性。举例：我国西北内陆——由于距海远，海洋潮湿气流难以到达，形成干旱的大陆性气候——河流不发育，多为内流河——气候干燥，流水作用微弱，物理风化和风力作用显著，形成大片戈壁和沙漠，植被稀少，土壤发育差，有机质含量少。
2、地理环境的地域分异规律：
（1）从赤道到两极的地域分异（纬度地带性）：受太阳辐射从赤道向两极递减的影响——自然带沿着纬度变化（南北）的方向作有规律的更替，这种分异是以热量为基础的。例如：赤道附近是热带雨林带，其两侧随纬度升高，是热带草原带、热带荒漠带。
（2）从沿海向内陆的地域分异（经度地带性）：受海陆分布的影响，自然景观和自然带从沿海向大陆内部产生的有规律的地域分异，这种分异是以水分为基础的。例如：中纬度地区（特别是北半球中纬度地区）从沿海到内陆出现：森林带—草原带—荒漠带
（3）山地的垂直地域分异：在高山地区，随着海拔高度的变化，从山麓到山顶的水热状况差异很大，从而形成了垂直自然带。举例：赤道附近的高山，从山麓到山顶看到的自然带类似于从赤道到两极的水平自然带。
【第四章自然环境对人类活动的影响】
1、聚落的形成与地理环境的关系，可从形态上反映出来：平原地区，地形比较完整、开阔、平坦，聚落呈圆形或不规则的多边形，规模较大；山区聚落沿河谷或在比较开阔的低地分布。例如：我国的汾河、渭河谷地城市的分布。世界上的大城市多数位于平原上。平原地区的区位优势：地势平坦，土壤肥沃，便于农耕，且有利于交通联系和节省建筑投资。也有的平原不适宜城市的发展。例如：热带地区，低地闷热，城市多分布在高原上，最著名的是巴西，其城市不是分布在亚马孙平原，而是巴西高原。
2、地形对交通线路分布的影响：公路选线避开不利地形，地形平坦地区的交通线网密度较大（造价低、工程量小），山地、丘陵地区的密度较小（造价高、工程量大）。
3、全球气候变暖对农业生产有利方面：高纬度地区升温幅度最大，作物生长期延长，产量增加；对农业生产不有利方面：中纬度半湿润半干旱区，若降水量不变，增温将加速陆地蒸发，使土壤中水分减少，导致作物产量下降。对工业生产也有一定的影响，温度升高将减少高纬度地区供暖的能源消耗，明显增加低纬度地区制冷的能源消耗。
4、自然资源的定义：人类直接从自然界获得，并用于生产和生活的物质和能量。它包括气候资源、土地资源、水资源、生物资源、矿产资源。自然资源是人类文明和社会进步的物质基础。举例：能源利用对生产力的发展有巨大推动作用。△柴草为主要能源——社会生产力水平很低，△18世纪，煤炭为主要能源——社会生产力大幅提高，△20世纪50年代以后，石油为主要能源——极大地促进了生产的发展。
5、常见的自然灾害有水灾、旱灾、台风、暴雨、寒潮、沙尘暴、暴风雪、地震、火山、滑坡和泥石流。了解它们发生的主要原因及危害。

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字音部分：
橘（jú）子百舸（gě）争流寥（liáo）廓
挥斥方遒（qiú）峥嵘（zhēng róng）岁月　　浪遏（è）飞舟
灰烬（jìn）脊（jǐ）骨矿藏（cáng ）
闪烁（shuò）战栗（lì）倔强（jué jiàng）
崛（jué）起迷惘（wǎng）晨曦（xī）
沉湎（miǎn ）眷（juàn）恋惆怅（chàng）
挚（zhì）友抹煞（shā）摭（zhí）拾
废寝（qǐn）忘食横（hèng）蛮遨（áo）游
引吭（háng）试啼甫（fǔ）健翱（áo）翔
枝桠（yā）茁（zhuó）壮磕绊（kē bàn）
谷穗（suì）干瘪（biě）入不敷（fū）出
敷（fū）演衡量（liáng）啮噬（niè shì）
泵（bèng）妥帖（tiē）甄（zhēn）别
纤（xiān）巧觑（qū）坨（tuó）
商榷（què）思忖（cǔn）巷（hàng）道
墓冢（zhǒng）屏窒（bǐng zhì）不啻（chì）
悄（qiǎo）然犄（jī）角噗噗（pū）跳
词语部分：
检点：（1）查考符合与否；查点。（2）注意约束（自己的言语行为）。
敷演：叙说并加以发挥。
甄别：审查辨别。
绝伦：独一无二；没有可以相比的。
思忖：思量。
商榷：商讨。
勾销：取消；抹掉。
巷道：采矿或探矿时在山林或地下挖掘的大致成水平方向的坑道。一般用于运输和排水，也用于通风。
不啻：如同。
犄角：（1）角落。（2）动物的角。
座右铭：写出来放在座位旁边的格言。
光宗耀祖：为宗族争光，使祖先显耀。光，有面子；宗，宗族；耀，显耀；祖，祖先。
汗流浃背：汗流得满背都是。形容非常恐惧或非常害怕。现也形容出汗很多，背上的衣服都湿透了。浃，湿透。
不毛之地：不生长草木庄稼的荒地。形容荒凉、贫瘠。
痴心妄想：一心想着不可能实现的事，也指愚蠢荒唐的想法。痴心：沉迷于某人或某事的心思；妄想，荒诞的打算。
怨天尤人：指遇到挫折或出了问题，一味抱怨天、责怪别人。怨，怨恨；天，命运；尤，责怪，归罪。
妄自菲薄：过分看轻自己。形容自卑。妄，胡乱的；菲薄：小看、轻视。
鬼迷心窍：鬼怪迷惑住心窍。指对问题认识不清。
恪尽职守：谨慎而尽力地做好所从事的工作。
瞠目结舌：瞪眼翘舌说不出话来。形容窘迫或惊呆的样子。瞠，瞪着眼睛；结舌，翘起舌头落不下。
苟延残喘：勉强延续临死前的喘息。比喻暂时勉强维持生存。苟，暂且，勉强；延，延续；残喘，临死前的喘息。
文本选萃：
生命如四季。
……可我懂得我没有权利逃避在给予我生命的同时所给予我的责任。我无须问为什么，也无须想有没有结果。我不应白白地耗费时间，去无尽地感慨生命的艰辛，也不应该自怨自怜命运怎么这样不济，偏偏给了我这样一块不毛之地。我要做的是咬紧牙关，闷着脑袋，拼却全身的力气，压到我的犁头上去。我决不企望有谁来代替，因为在这世界上，每人都有一块必得由他自己来耕种的土地。
——张洁《我的四季》
点拨：（1）直面艰难困苦是生命赋予的责任；
（2）命运掌握在挑战者手里；
（3）脚踏实地才能走出精彩的人生；
（4）心态决定着人生前程。
马克思17岁中学毕业考试时就写下《青年在选择职业时的考虑》，科学而崇高地规划了自己的人生。
点拨：（1）良好的开端是成功的一半；
（2）有志之人立长志，无志之人常立志。
如果一个人只为自己劳动，他也许能够成为著名学者、大哲人、卓越诗人，然而他永远不能成为完美无瑕的伟大人物。
历史承认那些为共同目标劳动因而自己变得高尚的人是伟大人物；经验赞美那些为大多数人带来幸福的人是最幸福的人；宗教本身也教诲我们，人人敬仰的理想人物，就曾为人类牺牲了自己——有谁敢否定这类教诲呢？
——马克思《青年在选择职业时的考虑》
点拨：（1）幸福不只是一种享受，更是一种付出；
（2）在“小我”与“大我”间抉择。
写作借鉴：
《沁园春长沙》
对比手法的运用。运用了多组对比使其所描绘的形象更加鲜明。“万山红遍”与“漫江碧透”是颜色的对比，“鹰击长空”与“鱼翔浅底”是动态的对比，风华正茂的“同学少年”与被诗人视为粪土的“万户侯”是明比，“万类”的自由与民生的压抑是暗比。
精当、形象、极富表现力的语言。“万”言山之多，“遍”写红之广，“击”描画雄鹰矫健的身姿，“翔”描绘游鱼在水中自由自在、轻快自如的神态。
《我的四季》
清晰的写作思路——四季如生命，生命便是四季。张洁将生命的劳作、艰辛、期待、收获浓缩在“四季”里，写了播种的春，耕耘的夏，收获的秋，还有在回顾的冬，让读者与自己一道共受煎熬，也分享快乐。
《我的五样》
运用了多种修辞手法，如衬托、对比、比喻等。用空气、水、阳光对生命的宝贵衬托鲜花的可贵，生命固然重要，但没有鲜花存在的生命会失去多少的光彩。用空气、水、阳光、鲜花来衬托笔，前四样东西固然可贵，可它们和写作的笔一比，都不是最宝贵的。用同学们写的父母、孩子、爱人与自己想写的笔作对比，在诸多的忍痛割爱后，还是强调了自己对笔钟爱的理由。比喻运用也很妥帖，如“万物好似压缩成超市货架上的物品，摆在那里等待你的挑选。货筐是那样小，世上的林林总总，只有五样可以塞入。”
获得教养的途径
字音部分：
跬（kuǐ）步锲（qiè）而不舍经传（zhuàn）
麻痹（bì）戕（qiāng）害符箓（lù）
召（zhào）唤
词语部分：
戕害：伤害。
青出于蓝：青是从蓝草里提炼出来的，但颜色比蓝草更深。比喻学生超过老师或后人胜过前人。青，靛青；蓝，蓼蓝之类可作染料的草。
锲而不舍：不断地镂刻。比喻有恒心，有毅力。锲，镂刻；舍，停止。
望洋兴叹：仰望海神而兴叹。原指在伟大事物面前感叹自己的渺小。现多比喻做事时因力不胜任或没有条件而感到无可奈何。望洋，仰视的样子。
举一反三：比喻从一件事情类推而知道其他许多事情。反，类推。
文本选萃：
赫尔曼黑塞认为真正的修养不应当追求功利，而是为了“精神和心灵的完善”。读书是获得教养的主要途径，人们在用心研究经典作品之后，便能发现世界，认识社会，完善自我修养。
点拨：（1）塑造心灵；（2）培养人格；（3）增强修养；（4）潜心读书；（5）经典的力量。
真正的修养一如真正的体育，既是完成又是激励，随处都可到达终点却从不停歇，永远都在半道上，都与宇宙共振，生存于永恒之中。
——赫尔曼黑塞《获得教养的途径》
点拨：（1）修养没有极致，而是一辈子的事；
（2）执著才能永恒。
假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。
——荀子《劝学》
点拨：借助于外物往往能让理想早日成为现实。
骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。
——荀子《劝学》
点拨：（1）持之以恒方有成效；（2）优势与劣势。
圣人无常师。孔子师郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。孔子曰：“三人行，则必有我师。”是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子。闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。
——韩愈《师说》
点拨：（1）博采众长者可成大器；
（2）学识的高下不完全取决于年龄的大小；
（3）青出于蓝而胜于蓝；
（4）我们要敢于超越前人。
写作借鉴：
《劝学》
巧妙设喻。以常见的道理或现象设喻，所讲道理形象生动，深入浅出，既有说服力也有感染力。设喻与说理结合紧密，灵活有变，形式多样：有的寓道理于比喻中，如“青出于蓝”“冰寒于水”“锲而不舍”等；有的反复设喻说明道理，如连用“跂而望、登高而招、顺风而呼、假舟楫、假舆马”等五个比喻，引出“善假于物也”的道理。设喻方式富于变化，把道理说得更具体明白：有的正面设喻，如“青出于蓝”等；有的正反设喻，如“骐骥”和“驽马”、“锲而舍之”和“锲而不舍”、“蚓”和“蟹”等。
《师说》
正反对比论证。运用正反对比的论证方法，从三个方面作对比，论述从师而学的必要性。先以“古之圣人”的“从师而学”与“今之众人”的“耻学于师”作对比，再以人们为子“择师而教之”与自身“则耻师焉”作对比，最后以“巫医乐师百工之人”的“不耻相师”与“士大夫之族”的“群聚而笑之”作对比。三组比较形成鲜明对照，彰显不从师而学的荒谬，对当时的不良风气作了有力的批判。
自测练习：
找出下列句中的通假字并作解释：
1、輮以为轮。
2、虽有槁暴，不复挺者。
3、则知明而行无过矣。
4、君子生非异也
5、师者，所以传道受业解惑也。
6、或师焉，或不焉
解释下列句中的古今异义词：
1、輮以为轮
2、金就砺则利
3、君子博学而日参省乎己
4、而神明自得
5、古之学者必有师
6、师者，所以传道受业解惑也
7、吾从而师之
8、今之众人
9、小学而大遗
10、弟子不必不如师
试翻译下列文言句子：
1、木直中绳，輮以为轮，其曲中规。虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。
2、故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。
3、假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里；假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。
4、蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。
5、师者，所以传道受业解惑也。
6、吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎？
7、是故圣益圣，愚益愚，圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎？
8、句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。
9、巫医乐师百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤！
高中语文（必修一）知识点梳理（2）
月是故乡明
字音部分：
黏（nián）合辜（gū）负菜圃（pǔ）
逃遁（dùn）　　　　　熠熠（yì）闪光　　　静谧（mì）
贫瘠（jí）　　　　　悲怆（chuàng）　　　　眷（juàn）顾
矫（jiǎo）饰　　　　墟（xū）场　　　　　　麦穗（suì）
魂牵梦萦（yíng）　　搭讪（shàn）　　　　　幽邈（miǎo）
田塍（chéng）　　　　濡（rú）染　　　　　烙（lào）印
侘傺（chà chì）铩（shā）羽而归　　　遣戍（shù）
欷歔（xī xū）（唏嘘）安土重（chòng）迁翘（qiáo）首
桑梓（zǐ）　　　　　蕞（zuì）尔屹（yì）立
迁徙（xǐ）　　　　　按捺（àn nà）不住　　崔颢（hào）
盘缠（pán chan）　　瘸（qué）腿　　　　打夯（hāng ）
词语部分：
愧杀（愧煞）：意为很惭愧。
墟场：集市。
搭讪：为了想跟人接近或把尴尬的局面敷衍过去而找话说。
幽邈：久远。
田塍：田埂。
濡染：沾染。
侘傺：失意的样子。
寥落：（1）稀少。（2）静寂。（3）空虚；空旷。
缔造：创立；建立。
欷歔：哭泣后不由自主地急促呼吸。
桑梓：家乡的桑树和梓树是父母种的，对它们要表示敬意。后人用来比喻故乡。
蕞尔：形容小（多指地区）。
翰苑：翰林院的别称。
株守：原比喻希图不经过努力而得到成功的侥幸心理。现也比喻死守狭隘经验，不知变通。株，露出地面的树根。
打夯：用夯把地基砸实。夯，砸实地基用的工具。
概莫能外：一概不能除外。指都在所指范围之内。
良辰美景：美好的时光和景物。
一草一木：比喻极微小的东西。
铩羽而归：指失败或不得意，灰溜溜地回来。铩，摧残，伤害。
寄人篱下：依附于他人篱笆下。比喻依附别人生活。
衣绣夜行：穿着精美鲜艳的锦绣衣服夜间上街行走。比喻人富贵以后不为人知。亦作“衣锦夜游”“衣锦夜行”。衣，穿。绣，锦绣。
功败垂成：事情在将要成功的时候遭到了失败。垂，接近、快要。
以暴易暴：用残暴势力代替残暴势力。指统治者换了，暴虐的统治没有改变。以，用。易，改变，更换；暴，残暴。
安土重迁：在一个地方住惯了，不肯轻易迁移。
根深蒂固：比喻基础深厚，不容易动摇。蒂，指瓜、果、茎、枝相连处。
方兴未艾：事物正在发展，尚未达到止境。方，正在。兴，兴起。艾，停止。
含辛茹苦：形容忍受辛苦或吃尽辛苦。辛，辣。茹，吃。
休戚相关：形容关系密切，利害相关。休，欢乐、吉庆。戚，悲哀，忧愁。忧喜、福祸彼此相关联。
风雨同舟：在狂风暴雨中同乘一条船，一起与风雨搏斗。比喻共同经历患难。
鱼游濠水：比喻自得其乐。
文本选萃：
浪荡乾坤的结果，多数是少年子弟江湖老，黄金、美人、虚名、实惠，都成了竹篮打水一场空。有的侘傺无聊，铩羽而归。有的春花秋月，流连光景，“未老莫还乡，还乡须断肠”。有的倦于奔竞，跳出名利场，远离是非地，“只应守寂寞，还掩故园扉”。有的素性恬淡，误融尘网，不愿为五斗米折腰，归去来兮，种菊东篱，怡然自得。——但要达到这境界，至少得有几亩薄田，三间茅舍作退步，否则就只好寄人篱下，终老他乡。
比灾难、战争更使人难以忘怀的，是放逐；有家难归，有国难奔。屈原、贾谊、张俭、韩愈、柳宗元、苏东坡，直至康有为、梁启超，真可以说无代无之。——也许还该提一提林则徐，这位揭开中国近代史开宗明义第一章的伟大爱国前贤，为了严禁鸦片而获罪革职，遣戍伊犁。他在赴戍登程的悲凉时刻，口占一诗，告别家人：“苟利国家生死以，岂因祸福避趋之。谪居正是君恩厚，养拙刚于戍卒宜。”百年后重读此诗，还令人寸心如割，百脉沸涌，两眼发酸，低徊唏嘘不已。
——柯灵《乡土情结》
点拨：（1）故乡是人类最后的归宿；
（2）家园不只是房舍，更是精神栖息的港湾。
故乡意味着我们的付出——它与出生地不是一回事。只有艰辛劳动过奉献过的人，才真正拥有故乡，才真正懂得古人“游子悲故乡”的情怀——无论这个故乡烙印在一处还是多处，在祖国还是在异邦。
——韩少功《我心归去》
点拨：（1）付出才能拥有；
（2）不灭的记忆来自倾情付出。
人的悲剧性实质，还不完全在于总想到达目的地却总不能到达目的地，而在于走向前方、到处流浪时，又时时刻刻地惦念着正在远去和久已不见的家、家园和家乡。
崔灏，本可以凑足盘缠回家一趟，用不着那样伤感。然而，他深深地知道，他在心中想念的那个家，只是由家的温馨与安宁养育起来的一种抽象的感觉罢了。那个可遮风避雨的实在的家，并不能从心灵深处抹去他无家可归的感觉。他只能望着江上烟波，在心中体味一派苍凉。
——曹文轩《前方》
点拨：（1）家园是流浪灵魂的归宿；
（2）家园是一种感觉，一种无法抹去的烙印。
写作借鉴：
《想北平》
语言通俗、纯净而又简洁、亲切。通俗是为了加强作品的生活气息，使它亲切感人，也是锤炼语言的结果。作者曾说：“我的文章写得那样白，那样俗，好像毫不费力，实际上，那不定改了多少遍。”纯净、简洁同样也靠千锤百炼。比如文章写到积水滩：“面向着积水滩，背后是城墙，坐在石上看水中的小蝌蚪或苇叶上的嫩蜻蜓，我可以快乐地坐一天，心中完全安适，无所求也无可怕，像小儿安睡在摇篮里。”短短几句，文字不多，但写景、状物，营造气氛，表现人物情感，都笔笔到位，如同天成。
《乡土情结》
引经据典。文中征引了大量的诗文、史料和典故，如王维的《杂诗》等大量的古代思乡诗。不仅说明了乡土情结的久远、普遍，根深蒂固，而且还通过它们营造了一个个具体的历史场景，使文章显得更加生动、感人。
《前方》
新颖。体裁新颖——摄影散文。内容新颖——作者从反面落笔，用“反弹琵琶”的方式说“离家”，但最终归结的仍然是对家的追寻，只不过这里的家已不是普通的生养之地，而是精神的栖身之所。
《今生今世的证据》
细腻的描写浸透了作者的感觉，写出了真实的自我。物与场景总是个人化的，是人感觉的延伸，是作者生命中的一部分，比如“一场一场的风吹倒旧墙，刮破院门，穿过一个人慢慢松开的骨缝”，“地深处的大风”，“更黑，更猛，朝着相反的方向，刮动万物的骨骸和根须”，“恒久明亮的月光”，这些对物的记忆显然是非常个人化的。
像山那样思考
字音部分：
涮（shuàn）羊肉　　暖坑（kàng）　　蛰（zhé）居
曝（pù）背谈天　　闽粤（mǐn yuè）　　丰腴（yú）
乌桕（jiù）树　　赭（zhě）色槎桠（chá yā）
恣（zì）意　　诳（kuáng）语　　攫（jué）
淖（nào）　　罗布泊（pō）　　瘴（zhàng）气
胭脂（yān zhi）　　物什（shí）　　贪婪（lán ）
无尽藏（zàng ）　　枕藉（jiè）　　惴栗（zhuì lì ）
游弋（yì）　　　惬（qiè）意　　甬（yǒng）道
徜徉（cháng yang ）　　缪（miù）斯女神
黑魆魆（xū）　　喧嚣（xiāo）　　涟漪（lián yī）
引擎（qíng ）　　一瞥（piē）　　嗥（háo）叫
湍（tuān）急　　蠕（rú）动　　扳（bān）机
灌（guàn ）木　　饿殍（piǎo）　　艾蒿（hāo）
词语部分：
恣意：任意、任性。
诳语：骗人的话。
枕藉：（很多人）交互地倒或者躺在一起。
甬道：（1）大的院落或墓地中间对着厅堂、坟墓等主要建筑物的路，多用砖石砌成。
（2）走廊，过道。
徜徉：闲游；安闲自在地步行。
无尽藏：佛家语。指无穷无尽的宝藏。
莫名其妙：说不出其中的奥妙。指事情很奇怪，说不出道理来。
直截了当：形容说话做事爽快、干脆。
回光返照：指太阳刚落山时，由于光线反射而发生的天空中短时发亮的现象。比喻人死前精神突然兴奋。也比喻事物灭亡前夕的表面兴旺。
惊世骇俗：使一般人感到惊骇。世、俗，指一般人。
如泣如诉：好像在哭泣，又像在诉说。形容声音悲切。
横槊赋诗：横着长矛而赋诗。指能文能武的英雄豪迈气概。槊，长矛；赋，吟诗。
沧海一粟：大海里的一粒谷子。比喻非常渺小。粟，谷子，即小米。
杯盘狼藉：形容宴饮后桌上凌乱的样子。
毛骨悚然：汗毛竖起，脊梁骨发冷。形容十分恐惧。悚然，害怕的样子。
不堪造就：指没有培养前途。
文本选萃：
英国诗人雪莱说过：“如果冬天已经来了，春天还会远吗？”
——郁达夫《江南的冬景》
点拨：（1）坚定的信念是成功的基石；
（2）阳光总在风雨后
罗曼罗兰在构思他心目中的约翰克利斯桑夫形象时，焦躁不安了半年，有一天，他登上山顶，看见一轮太阳正喷薄而出，于是，罗曼罗兰心目中久久酝酿的英雄在东地平线上出现了。罗曼罗兰因此而热泪盈眶，“让我把你抓住，亲爱的约翰克利斯朵夫！”罗曼罗兰叫道。
——高建群《西地平线上》
点拨：（1）走进自然，于不经意间收获人生；
（2）灵感来于不懈的思考和瞬间的触发。
方其（曹孟德）破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒临江，横槊赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉！
——苏轼《赤壁赋》
点拨：（1）“短暂与永恒”的思索；
（2）在历史的长河中，个人的荣辱、得失其实都很渺小，微不足道。
且夫天地之间，物各有主，苟非吾之所有，虽一毫而莫取。惟江上之清风，与山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之无禁，用之不竭，是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共食。
——苏轼《赤壁赋》
点拨：（1）“选择”决定于生活的态度；
（2）人要善于寻求精神的寄托；
（3）自然是人类最可靠的朋友。
写作借鉴：
《江南的冬景》
准确把握景象特征。文章抓住“明朗的情调”从各个角度描写了江南的冬天，如用“曝背谈天图”“冬郊植被图”“微雨寒村图”“江南雪景图”和“早冬闲步图”等五幅场景具体写出了江南冬景的优美意境。
使用了对比、引用等修辞。如作者把“北国”与“江南”的冬天比较，突出江南冬天的晴暖温和，渲染北国冬天所没有的屋外曝背谈天的乐趣；写江南的“雪”未作实景的描绘，只是引用诗句，避实就虚地巧借诗句意境，通过自己的品评将这个意境推到一个新的境界，语句简省洗练，但所包容的意象十分丰富。
《西地平线上》
文脉清晰。文章以“雄伟”为特征，写了西地平线上的三次日落，脉络清晰，有非常明显的层次。如第一次日落，呈现在群山之巅，在苍茫的远方；第二次日落的背景是罗布淖尔荒原；第三次日落在北疆的草原。
《神的一滴》
与自然融为一体的心灵特征。《瓦尔登湖》的不朽并不在于某种写作技巧，而在于对自然的迷恋、参与与投入，在于作者与他描写的对象实现了最淳朴、最亲密的心灵接触。
自测练习：
找出下列句中的通假字并作解释：
1、举酒属客
2、浩浩乎如冯虚御风
3、山川相缪
4、举匏尊以相属
5、自余为僇人。
6、梦亦同趣。
解释下列句中的古今异义词：
1、白露横江
2、凌万顷之茫然
3、然后知是山之特立
4、颓然就醉
5、游于是乎始
试翻译下列文言句子：
1、浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止；飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙。
2、余音袅袅，不绝如缕。舞幽壑之潜蛟，泣孤舟之嫠妇。
3、况吾与子渔樵与江渚之上，侣鱼虾而友麋鹿。
4、哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷；挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。
5、盖将自其变者而观之，而天地曾不能一瞬；自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也。
6、自余为僇人，居是州，恒惴栗。其隙也，则施施而行，漫漫而游。
7、悠悠乎与颢气俱，而莫得其涯；洋洋乎与造物者游，而不知其所穷。
8、于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。

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